Antihypertensive drugs

1. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adults with primary hypertension attending medicine outpatient clinics, assessing antihypertensive drug selection against the National List of Essential Medicines and blood pressure goal attainment at the index visit.
2. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults with hypertension receiving amlodipine-based versus telmisartan-based therapy, comparing prescription cost and proportion achieving clinic blood pressure targets during a nine-month recruitment period.
3. Cross-sectional drug utilisation study of adults aged sixty years or older treated for hypertension, assessing antihypertensive polypharmacy against standard treatment guidelines and potentially inappropriate prescribing at the index outpatient encounter.
4. Retrospective record-based study of adults with hypertension and chronic kidney disease receiving renin–angiotensin system blockers, comparing prescribed doses with kidney function recommendations and documented serum potassium abnormalities within three months.
5. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adults with hypertension and diabetes mellitus, evaluating antihypertensive prescriptions against standard treatment guidelines and measuring renin–angiotensin system blocker use and blood pressure control at the index visit.
6. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults receiving single-pill antihypertensive combinations versus separate-component prescriptions, assessing conformity with the National List of Essential Medicines and monthly treatment cost at the index prescription.
7. Cross-sectional study of antihypertensive prescriptions from medicine outpatient clinics, comparing generic versus brand-name prescribing against World Health Organization prescribing indicators and calculating mean drug cost per prescription during nine months.
8. Retrospective record-based study of adults admitted with uncontrolled hypertension, assessing preadmission antihypertensive adherence using documented medication histories against prescribed regimens and relating adherence categories to admission blood pressure.
9. Prospective observational study of adults newly receiving amlodipine for hypertension, assessing ankle oedema and other suspected adverse drug reactions using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale within twelve weeks.
10. Before-and-after assessment of postgraduate prescribers attending a single rational antihypertensive prescribing session, using guideline-based clinical scenarios as the reference and measuring prescribing score change immediately after teaching.

Antianginal drugs

11. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adults with stable angina attending cardiology clinics, assessing antianginal drug selection against standard treatment guidelines and documenting symptom-control therapy and prescription cost during nine months.
12. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults with stable angina receiving beta adrenergic receptor blockers versus long-acting nitrates, comparing documented weekly angina frequency and need for rescue nitroglycerin at the index visit.
13. Cross-sectional drug utilisation study of adults with chronic coronary syndrome, assessing use of nitrates, beta adrenergic receptor blockers and calcium channel blockers against guideline recommendations and documenting antianginal polypharmacy.
14. Retrospective record-based study of adults discharged after acute coronary syndrome, assessing continuation of prescribed antianginal medicines against discharge recommendations and documenting readmission for recurrent chest pain within ninety days.
15. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults prescribed ranolazine-containing versus non-ranolazine antianginal regimens, comparing number of concomitant cardiovascular medicines and monthly prescription cost at the outpatient encounter.
16. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adults aged sixty-five years or older with chronic coronary syndrome, assessing antianginal regimens against standard treatment guidelines and documenting potentially inappropriate combinations at the index prescription.
17. Prospective observational study of adults receiving isosorbide mononitrate for chronic angina, assessing headache, dizziness and hypotension with the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale during twelve weeks of routine treatment.
18. Cross-sectional study of adults receiving sublingual nitroglycerin for stable angina, assessing patient knowledge of administration and storage against manufacturer instructions and measuring correct-use scores during a single interview.
19. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adults with angina and hypertension, evaluating concurrent antianginal and antihypertensive prescribing against standard treatment guidelines and measuring clinically relevant therapeutic duplication during nine months.
20. Before-and-after assessment of resident doctors receiving a single teaching session on rational antianginal prescribing, using guideline-based case scenarios as reference and measuring prescription appropriateness scores immediately before and after teaching.

Antiarrhythmic drugs

21. Cross-sectional drug utilisation study of adults with atrial fibrillation attending cardiology clinics, assessing rate-control and rhythm-control medicines against standard treatment guidelines and documenting regimen appropriateness at the index visit.
22. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults with atrial fibrillation receiving metoprolol versus diltiazem for rate control, comparing documented resting heart rate and symptomatic bradycardia at the index outpatient encounter.
23. Retrospective record-based study of adults receiving amiodarone for atrial or ventricular arrhythmias, comparing monitoring practices with recommended thyroid and liver function surveillance and documenting abnormalities within six months.
24. Prospective observational study of adults receiving amiodarone in routine care, assessing suspected adverse drug reactions using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale and Hartwig severity assessment scale during six months.
25. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adults with atrial fibrillation and heart failure, assessing antiarrhythmic and rate-control medicines against standard treatment guidelines and documenting potentially contraindicated combinations during nine months.
26. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults receiving amiodarone versus sotalol for rhythm control, comparing concomitant medicines associated with corrected electrocardiographic interval prolongation and documented interval abnormalities at the index assessment.
27. Retrospective record-based study of adults admitted with symptomatic bradyarrhythmia, assessing exposure to beta adrenergic receptor blockers, digoxin or non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers against prior prescriptions and documenting suspected drug-related cases.
28. Cross-sectional study of antiarrhythmic prescriptions in cardiology inpatients, comparing generic prescribing and essential-medicine use with World Health Organization prescribing indicators and calculating mean medicine count per prescription during nine months.
29. Inter-observer agreement study of suspected antiarrhythmic drug reactions reported from cardiology wards, comparing two trained assessors using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale and measuring kappa agreement after independent assessment.
30. Before-and-after study of postgraduate residents receiving a single teaching session on antiarrhythmic drug safety, using guideline-based cases as reference and measuring medication-selection and monitoring scores immediately before and after teaching.

Heart failure pharmacotherapy

31. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adults with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, assessing pharmacotherapy against standard treatment guidelines and measuring proportions receiving recommended foundational drug classes at discharge.
32. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults with heart failure receiving carvedilol versus metoprolol succinate, comparing prescribed target-dose attainment against guideline recommendations and resting heart rate at the index follow-up visit.
33. Retrospective record-based study of adults with heart failure receiving spironolactone, assessing dosing against kidney function and serum potassium recommendations and documenting hyperkalaemia within three months of prescription.
34. Cross-sectional drug utilisation study of adults admitted with heart failure, assessing furosemide, renin–angiotensin system blockers and beta adrenergic receptor blockers against the National List of Essential Medicines and prescription cost at discharge.
35. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults with heart failure and diabetes mellitus receiving sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitors versus not receiving them, comparing guideline concordance and documented heart failure readmissions within six months.
36. Prospective observational study of adults with heart failure receiving guideline-directed pharmacotherapy, assessing suspected medicine-related adverse reactions using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale during three months of routine follow-up.
37. Cross-sectional study of adults with heart failure aged sixty-five years or older, evaluating polypharmacy and potential drug interactions against a standard interaction database and documenting interaction severity at the index prescription.
38. Retrospective record-based study of adults discharged after heart failure admission, assessing continuation of prescribed renin–angiotensin system blockers and beta adrenergic receptor blockers against discharge plans and readmission within ninety days.
39. Cross-sectional cost analysis of heart failure discharge prescriptions, comparing generic and commonly prescribed branded versions of identical medicines using published Indian price sources and calculating monthly treatment cost at discharge.
40. Before-and-after assessment of resident doctors following a single teaching session on rational heart failure pharmacotherapy, using standard treatment guideline cases as reference and measuring prescription appropriateness immediately before and after teaching.

Antiplatelet agents

41. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adults discharged after acute coronary syndrome, assessing aspirin and clopidogrel use against standard treatment guidelines and documenting dual antiplatelet therapy appropriateness at hospital discharge.
42. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults receiving aspirin alone versus aspirin with clopidogrel for secondary cardiovascular prevention, comparing documented bleeding symptoms and treatment indication appropriateness at the index clinic visit.
43. Retrospective record-based study of adults receiving dual antiplatelet therapy after coronary intervention, assessing prescribed duration against cardiology guidelines and documenting premature discontinuation or prolonged use at six months.
44. Prospective observational study of adults receiving aspirin with clopidogrel, assessing suspected bleeding and gastrointestinal adverse drug reactions using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale during twelve weeks.
45. Cross-sectional study of adults receiving antiplatelet therapy with proton pump inhibitors, assessing potential clopidogrel interactions against a standard interaction reference and documenting interacting proton pump inhibitor use at the index prescription.
46. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults receiving clopidogrel versus ticagrelor after acute coronary syndrome, comparing prescription cost and documented minor bleeding during the first three months of routine treatment.
47. Cross-sectional drug utilisation study of antiplatelet prescriptions in medicine and cardiology wards, assessing generic prescribing and essential-medicine use against World Health Organization prescribing indicators during a nine-month study period.
48. Retrospective case-control study of adults receiving antiplatelet agents, comparing concomitant non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug exposure between patients with and without documented gastrointestinal bleeding during the preceding six months.
49. Cross-sectional study of adults taking long-term aspirin for cardiovascular prevention, assessing patient knowledge of indication, missed doses and bleeding precautions against a structured questionnaire and measuring knowledge scores at interview.
50. Before-and-after assessment of postgraduate prescribers following a single teaching session on antiplatelet prescribing, using guideline-based cardiovascular cases as reference and measuring appropriate indication and duration scores immediately after teaching.

Anticoagulants

51. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adults with non-valvular atrial fibrillation receiving anticoagulants, assessing medicine selection against standard treatment guidelines and documenting appropriateness according to recorded thromboembolic and bleeding risk factors.
52. Retrospective record-based study of adults receiving warfarin, comparing prescribed doses and monitoring practices with international normalized ratio targets and measuring time within therapeutic range during three months of routine care.
53. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults with non-valvular atrial fibrillation receiving warfarin versus apixaban, comparing documented bleeding events and monthly treatment cost during the first three months of therapy.
54. Prospective observational study of adults receiving oral anticoagulants, assessing suspected bleeding adverse drug reactions using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale and Hartwig severity assessment scale during twelve weeks.
55. Cross-sectional study of adults receiving warfarin, assessing knowledge of food and medicine interactions against a structured anticoagulation counselling checklist and measuring correct-response scores during a single outpatient interview.
56. Retrospective case-control study of adults receiving warfarin, comparing concomitant interacting medicine exposure between patients with out-of-range and therapeutic international normalized ratio values during the preceding three months.
57. Cross-sectional prescription audit of hospitalised adults receiving low-molecular-weight heparin, assessing dose adjustment against kidney function recommendations and documenting potentially inappropriate dosing at the index admission.
58. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults receiving anticoagulants with versus without concomitant antiplatelet therapy, comparing documented indications and bleeding-risk factors against standard treatment guidelines at the index prescription.
59. Cross-sectional drug utilisation study of oral anticoagulants in cardiology and medicine clinics, comparing generic prescribing and essential-medicine use with World Health Organization prescribing indicators during nine months.
60. Before-and-after study of resident doctors attending a single anticoagulant safety teaching session, using guideline-based cases as reference and measuring appropriate drug selection, interaction recognition and monitoring scores immediately after teaching.

Lipid-lowering drugs

61. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adults with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, assessing statin intensity against standard treatment guidelines and documenting attainment of recommended low-density lipoprotein cholesterol targets at the latest visit.
62. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults receiving atorvastatin versus rosuvastatin for secondary cardiovascular prevention, comparing prescribed intensity, monthly treatment cost and documented lipid-control status at the index visit.
63. Retrospective record-based study of adults receiving high-intensity statins, assessing liver enzyme monitoring against local practice recommendations and documenting treatment-associated liver enzyme elevations within six months.
64. Prospective observational study of adults receiving atorvastatin or rosuvastatin, assessing suspected muscle-related adverse drug reactions using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale during twelve weeks of routine therapy.
65. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adults with diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular risk, assessing statin prescribing against standard treatment guidelines and documenting proportion receiving guideline-recommended intensity at the index encounter.
66. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults prescribed generic versus branded atorvastatin, comparing monthly treatment cost using published Indian price sources and documented refill adherence during three months.
67. Cross-sectional drug utilisation study of lipid-lowering medicines in medicine and cardiology clinics, assessing essential-medicine and generic prescribing against World Health Organization prescribing indicators during a nine-month period.
68. Retrospective study of adults receiving statins with potentially interacting medicines, comparing prescriptions against a standard interaction database and documenting clinically relevant interactions during the preceding six months.
69. Cross-sectional study of adults taking long-term statins, assessing medication adherence with a validated adherence questionnaire against prescription refill records and measuring agreement between methods at the index visit.
70. Before-and-after assessment of postgraduate residents receiving a single rational lipid-lowering therapy session, using standard treatment guideline cases as reference and measuring statin-intensity selection scores immediately before and after teaching.

Diuretics

71. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adults receiving diuretics for hypertension or heart failure, assessing medicine selection against the National List of Essential Medicines and documenting indication-specific appropriateness during nine months.
72. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults with hypertension receiving hydrochlorothiazide versus chlorthalidone, comparing prescribed doses, serum sodium and serum potassium abnormalities documented within three months.
73. Retrospective record-based study of adults with heart failure receiving furosemide, comparing prescribed doses with documented congestion status and kidney function and measuring electrolyte abnormalities during the index admission.
74. Prospective observational study of adults receiving loop or thiazide diuretics, assessing suspected electrolyte-related adverse drug reactions using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale during twelve weeks.
75. Cross-sectional study of adults aged sixty-five years or older receiving diuretics, assessing potentially inappropriate prescribing against geriatric prescribing criteria and documenting concurrent medicines increasing electrolyte disturbance risk at the index visit.
76. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults receiving furosemide alone versus furosemide with spironolactone for heart failure, comparing documented serum potassium abnormalities and prescription cost within three months.
77. Cross-sectional drug utilisation study of diuretic prescriptions in medicine wards, assessing generic prescribing and essential-medicine use against World Health Organization prescribing indicators during a nine-month recruitment period.
78. Retrospective case-control study of adults receiving thiazide or loop diuretics, comparing concomitant medicine exposures between patients with and without documented hyponatraemia during the preceding six months.
79. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adults with chronic kidney disease receiving diuretics, assessing drug and dose selection against kidney function recommendations and documenting potentially inappropriate prescriptions at the index encounter.
80. Before-and-after assessment of resident doctors receiving a single session on rational diuretic prescribing, using guideline-based cases as reference and measuring drug-selection and electrolyte-monitoring scores immediately before and after teaching.

Drugs affecting the renin–angiotensin system

81. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adults with hypertension receiving angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, assessing indications against standard treatment guidelines and documenting appropriate use at the index visit.
82. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults with hypertension receiving enalapril versus telmisartan, comparing clinic blood pressure control, documented cough and monthly treatment cost at the index follow-up encounter.
83. Retrospective record-based study of adults receiving renin–angiotensin system blockers, assessing serum creatinine and potassium monitoring against guideline recommendations and documenting abnormalities within twelve weeks of treatment initiation.
84. Prospective observational study of adults newly prescribed enalapril, assessing cough, dizziness and hyperkalaemia using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale during twelve weeks of routine treatment.
85. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adults with diabetic kidney disease, assessing renin–angiotensin system blocker use against standard treatment guidelines and documenting contraindications and dose appropriateness at the index encounter.
86. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults receiving angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor monotherapy versus angiotensin receptor blocker monotherapy, comparing documented blood pressure control and treatment discontinuation reasons within three months.
87. Cross-sectional study of adults prescribed combinations affecting the renin–angiotensin system, assessing potentially inappropriate dual blockade against standard treatment recommendations and documenting kidney function and potassium abnormalities at the index visit.
88. Retrospective case-control study of adults receiving renin–angiotensin system blockers, comparing concomitant potassium-raising medicines between patients with and without documented hyperkalaemia during the preceding six months.
89. Cross-sectional drug utilisation study of renin–angiotensin system medicines in medicine clinics, assessing generic and essential-medicine prescribing against World Health Organization prescribing indicators during nine months.
90. Before-and-after assessment of postgraduate residents receiving one teaching session on renin–angiotensin system pharmacology, using guideline-based cases as reference and measuring prescribing and monitoring scores immediately before and after teaching.

Cardiovascular drug safety

91. Prospective observational study of adults receiving cardiovascular medicines in medicine wards, assessing suspected adverse drug reactions with the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale and Hartwig severity assessment scale until hospital discharge.
92. Agreement study of cardiovascular adverse drug reactions reported to a teaching hospital monitoring centre, comparing Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale classifications with World Health Organization Uppsala Monitoring Centre causality categories during nine months.
93. Cross-sectional study of cardiovascular adverse drug reaction reports, assessing completeness against the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India reporting form and calculating proportions with missing mandatory information during a twelve-month period.
94. Retrospective case-control study of hospitalised adults receiving cardiovascular medicines, comparing polypharmacy and kidney impairment between patients with and without documented adverse drug reactions during the preceding year.
95. Cross-sectional prescription study of adults receiving five or more cardiovascular medicines, assessing potential drug interactions against a standard interaction database and documenting interaction severity at the index prescription.
96. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults younger than sixty-five years versus those aged sixty-five years or older receiving cardiovascular medicines, comparing suspected adverse drug reaction prevalence during the index admission.
97. Prospective observational study of adults receiving antihypertensive, antianginal or heart failure medicines, assessing preventability of suspected adverse reactions using Schumock and Thornton preventability criteria within twelve weeks.
98. Cross-sectional survey of resident doctors and nurses involved in cardiovascular care, assessing pharmacovigilance knowledge and reporting attitudes against a validated knowledge, attitude and practice questionnaire during a single assessment.
99. Before-and-after assessment of resident doctors receiving one pharmacovigilance teaching session focused on cardiovascular medicines, using a validated questionnaire as reference and measuring knowledge and reporting-intention scores immediately after teaching.
100. Inter-observer agreement study of cardiovascular adverse drug reaction severity, comparing two trained assessors using the Hartwig severity assessment scale and measuring kappa agreement for reports collected during nine months.

Central Nervous System Pharmacology Thesis Topics

Antidepressants

101. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adults with depressive disorders attending psychiatry clinics, assessing antidepressant selection against standard treatment guidelines and documenting generic prescribing, polypharmacy and treatment cost at the index visit.
102. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults with depressive disorders receiving escitalopram versus sertraline, comparing documented treatment response and suspected adverse drug reactions after at least eight weeks of routine therapy.
103. Prospective observational study of adults newly receiving selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, assessing suspected adverse drug reactions using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale during twelve weeks of routine treatment.
104. Cross-sectional study of adults receiving antidepressants for at least three months, assessing adherence with a validated medication adherence questionnaire against prescription refill records and measuring agreement at the index visit.
105. Retrospective record-based study of adults receiving antidepressants, assessing potentially interacting concomitant medicines against a standard interaction database and documenting clinically relevant interactions during the preceding six months.
106. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults receiving selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors versus tricyclic antidepressants, comparing anticholinergic adverse effects and treatment discontinuation documented during the first three months.
107. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adults aged sixty-five years or older receiving antidepressants, assessing potentially inappropriate medicines against geriatric prescribing criteria and documenting sedative burden at the index prescription.
108. Cross-sectional drug utilisation study of antidepressants in psychiatry outpatient clinics, assessing generic and essential-medicine prescribing against World Health Organization prescribing indicators during a nine-month recruitment period.
109. Retrospective study of adults prescribed antidepressant combinations, assessing therapeutic duplication and potential serotonin toxicity interactions against a standard interaction reference and documenting relevant clinical features within three months.
110. Before-and-after assessment of psychiatry residents receiving one rational antidepressant prescribing session, using guideline-based cases as reference and measuring drug-selection and monitoring scores immediately before and after teaching.

Antipsychotics

111. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adults with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders attending psychiatry clinics, assessing antipsychotic prescribing against standard treatment guidelines and documenting monotherapy, polypharmacy and generic prescribing at the index visit.
112. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults with schizophrenia receiving olanzapine versus risperidone, comparing body weight change and documented metabolic abnormalities after at least three months of routine therapy.
113. Prospective observational study of adults receiving antipsychotic medicines, assessing suspected adverse drug reactions using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale and Hartwig severity assessment scale during twelve weeks.
114. Cross-sectional study of adults receiving antipsychotic polypharmacy, assessing combinations against standard treatment guidelines and documenting potential drug interactions and total daily antipsychotic burden at the index prescription.
115. Retrospective record-based study of adults receiving olanzapine, assessing glucose and lipid monitoring against recommended metabolic surveillance and documenting abnormalities within six months of treatment initiation.
116. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults receiving typical versus atypical antipsychotic medicines, comparing documented extrapyramidal symptoms using a validated rating instrument at the index assessment.
117. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adults aged sixty-five years or older receiving antipsychotics, assessing potentially inappropriate use against geriatric prescribing criteria and documenting concurrent sedative medicines at the index visit.
118. Cross-sectional drug utilisation study of antipsychotics in psychiatry wards, assessing essential-medicine and generic prescribing against World Health Organization prescribing indicators during nine months.
119. Retrospective case-control study of adults receiving antipsychotics, comparing medicine dose, polypharmacy and metabolic risk factors between patients with and without documented weight gain during six months.
120. Before-and-after assessment of resident doctors receiving one teaching session on rational antipsychotic prescribing, using guideline-based scenarios as reference and measuring prescription appropriateness and monitoring scores immediately after teaching.

Anxiolytics

121. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adults with anxiety disorders attending psychiatry clinics, assessing anxiolytic drug selection and duration against standard treatment guidelines and documenting benzodiazepine use at the index visit.
122. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults receiving clonazepam versus alprazolam for anxiety disorders, comparing prescribed duration, daytime sedation and treatment cost after at least four weeks of routine use.
123. Prospective observational study of adults newly receiving benzodiazepines for anxiety symptoms, assessing sedation, dizziness and cognitive complaints using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale during eight weeks.
124. Cross-sectional study of adults receiving benzodiazepines for longer than twelve weeks, assessing prescribing indications against guideline recommendations and documenting potential dependence-related symptoms during the index interview.
125. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adults aged sixty-five years or older receiving anxiolytics, assessing potentially inappropriate benzodiazepine use against geriatric prescribing criteria and documenting fall-risk medicines at the index visit.
126. Retrospective record-based study of adults receiving anxiolytics with other central nervous system depressants, assessing potential interactions against a standard interaction database and documenting excessive sedation during three months.
127. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults receiving benzodiazepines versus buspirone for anxiety disorders, comparing self-reported daytime sedation and medication adherence after at least six weeks of treatment.
128. Cross-sectional drug utilisation study of anxiolytics in psychiatry outpatient clinics, assessing generic and essential-medicine prescribing against World Health Organization prescribing indicators during a nine-month period.
129. Cross-sectional survey of adults prescribed benzodiazepines, assessing knowledge of treatment duration, sedation and driving precautions against a structured counselling checklist and measuring correct-response scores at interview.
130. Before-and-after assessment of psychiatry residents receiving a single rational anxiolytic prescribing session, using guideline-based cases as reference and measuring appropriate drug and duration selection immediately before and after teaching.

Antiepileptic drugs

131. Cross-sectional prescription audit of patients with epilepsy attending neurology clinics, assessing antiseizure medicine selection against standard treatment guidelines and documenting monotherapy, polytherapy and generic prescribing at the index visit.
132. Comparative cross-sectional study of patients with epilepsy receiving levetiracetam versus sodium valproate, comparing documented seizure control and suspected adverse drug reactions after at least three months of routine therapy.
133. Prospective observational study of patients newly receiving antiseizure medicines, assessing suspected adverse drug reactions using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale and Hartwig severity assessment scale during twelve weeks.
134. Cross-sectional study of adults with epilepsy receiving two or more antiseizure medicines, assessing potential drug interactions against a standard interaction database and documenting interaction severity at the index prescription.
135. Retrospective record-based study of women of reproductive age receiving sodium valproate, assessing prescribing against pregnancy-prevention recommendations and documenting contraceptive counselling in records during the preceding year.
136. Comparative cross-sectional study of patients receiving phenytoin versus levetiracetam, comparing documented neurological adverse effects and treatment discontinuation during the first three months of routine treatment.
137. Cross-sectional study of patients receiving antiseizure medicines for at least three months, assessing adherence with a validated medication adherence questionnaire against prescription refill records at the index visit.
138. Cross-sectional drug utilisation study of antiseizure medicines in neurology and medicine wards, assessing generic and essential-medicine prescribing against World Health Organization prescribing indicators during nine months.
139. Retrospective case-control study of patients receiving antiseizure medicines, comparing polytherapy and concomitant interacting medicines between those with and without documented breakthrough seizures during six months.
140. Before-and-after assessment of resident doctors receiving a single rational antiseizure prescribing session, using guideline-based clinical cases as reference and measuring drug-selection and interaction-recognition scores immediately after teaching.

Antiparkinsonian drugs

141. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adults with Parkinson disease attending neurology clinics, assessing antiparkinsonian medicine selection against standard treatment guidelines and documenting levodopa combinations and adjunctive therapy at the index visit.
142. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults receiving levodopa with carbidopa alone versus combination adjunctive therapy, comparing documented motor fluctuations and medicine burden after at least six months of routine treatment.
143. Prospective observational study of adults receiving levodopa with carbidopa, assessing nausea, postural hypotension and dyskinesia using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale during twelve weeks.
144. Cross-sectional study of adults receiving trihexyphenidyl for Parkinson disease, assessing prescribing against age-related safety recommendations and documenting anticholinergic adverse effects at the index assessment.
145. Retrospective record-based study of adults with Parkinson disease receiving dopamine agonists, assessing documented impulse-control symptoms and daytime somnolence against recommended monitoring during six months.
146. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults aged below sixty-five years versus those aged sixty-five years or older receiving antiparkinsonian medicines, comparing anticholinergic burden and documented adverse effects at the index visit.
147. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adults with Parkinson disease receiving five or more medicines, assessing potential interactions against a standard interaction database and documenting clinically relevant interactions at the index prescription.
148. Cross-sectional drug utilisation study of antiparkinsonian medicines in neurology clinics, assessing generic and essential-medicine prescribing against World Health Organization prescribing indicators during nine months.
149. Cross-sectional study of adults receiving levodopa with carbidopa, assessing patient knowledge of dose timing and food interactions against a structured counselling checklist and measuring correct-response scores at interview.
150. Before-and-after assessment of neurology residents receiving one rational antiparkinsonian prescribing session, using guideline-based cases as reference and measuring medication-selection and adverse-effect recognition scores immediately after teaching.

Sedatives and hypnotics

151. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adults receiving sedative or hypnotic medicines from psychiatry and medicine clinics, assessing drug choice and duration against standard treatment guidelines at the index prescription.
152. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults receiving zolpidem versus clonazepam for insomnia, comparing prescribed duration, next-day sedation and self-reported sleep improvement after at least four weeks.
153. Prospective observational study of adults newly receiving sedative or hypnotic medicines, assessing dizziness, excessive sedation and falls using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale during eight weeks.
154. Cross-sectional study of adults aged sixty-five years or older receiving sedative medicines, assessing potentially inappropriate prescribing against geriatric prescribing criteria and documenting concurrent central nervous system depressants at the index visit.
155. Retrospective record-based study of hospitalised adults receiving sedatives, assessing duplicate sedative prescribing against medication charts and documenting excessive sedation or documented falls during the index admission.
156. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults receiving short-term versus longer-than-recommended benzodiazepine hypnotic therapy, comparing daytime sedation and self-reported difficulty stopping treatment at the index interview.
157. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adults receiving sedatives with opioids, assessing potential interactions against a standard interaction database and documenting high-risk combinations during a nine-month period.
158. Cross-sectional drug utilisation study of sedative and hypnotic medicines in inpatient wards, assessing generic and essential-medicine prescribing against World Health Organization prescribing indicators during nine months.
159. Cross-sectional survey of adults prescribed hypnotics, assessing knowledge of duration, driving precautions and dependence risk against a structured counselling checklist and measuring correct-response scores at interview.
160. Before-and-after assessment of resident doctors receiving a single rational hypnotic prescribing session, using guideline-based insomnia cases as reference and measuring appropriate drug and duration selection immediately after teaching.

Opioids and analgesics

161. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adult inpatients receiving opioid analgesics, assessing indication, dose and duration against hospital pain-management guidance and documenting prescribing appropriateness during the index admission.
162. Comparative cross-sectional study of postoperative adults receiving tramadol versus morphine, comparing documented pain scores, nausea and sedation during the first forty-eight hours of routine care.
163. Prospective observational study of adults receiving opioid analgesics, assessing nausea, constipation, sedation and other suspected adverse reactions using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale during seven days.
164. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adults receiving non-opioid analgesics, assessing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug selection against the National List of Essential Medicines and documenting gastroprotective co-prescribing at the index encounter.
165. Retrospective case-control study of adults receiving non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, comparing age, kidney impairment and concomitant medicine exposures between patients with and without documented acute kidney injury during admission.
166. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults receiving paracetamol-containing fixed dose combinations versus paracetamol alone, comparing indication appropriateness and daily paracetamol exposure at the index prescription.
167. Cross-sectional study of adults receiving opioids with benzodiazepines or other sedatives, assessing potential interactions against a standard interaction database and documenting high-risk combinations at the index prescription.
168. Cross-sectional drug utilisation study of analgesics in surgical wards, assessing generic and essential-medicine prescribing against World Health Organization prescribing indicators during a nine-month period.
169. Cross-sectional survey of adults discharged with opioid analgesics, assessing knowledge of dosing, storage and sedation precautions against a structured counselling checklist and measuring correct-response scores before discharge.
170. Before-and-after assessment of surgical residents receiving one rational analgesic prescribing session, using guideline-based pain scenarios as reference and measuring drug-selection and dose-safety scores immediately before and after teaching.

Drugs for dementia

171. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adults with diagnosed dementia attending neurology or psychiatry clinics, assessing donepezil and memantine prescribing against standard treatment guidelines and documenting regimen appropriateness at the index visit.
172. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults with dementia receiving donepezil alone versus donepezil with memantine, comparing documented cognitive-function change and adverse effects over the preceding six months.
173. Prospective observational study of adults receiving donepezil, assessing nausea, dizziness, bradycardia and other suspected adverse drug reactions using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale during twelve weeks.
174. Cross-sectional study of adults with dementia receiving five or more medicines, assessing potentially inappropriate medicines against geriatric prescribing criteria and documenting anticholinergic burden at the index prescription.
175. Retrospective record-based study of adults receiving donepezil, assessing concomitant medicines that reduce heart rate against a standard interaction reference and documenting symptomatic bradycardia within six months.
176. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults receiving donepezil versus rivastigmine, comparing documented gastrointestinal adverse effects and treatment discontinuation after at least three months of routine use.
177. Cross-sectional study of caregivers of adults receiving dementia medicines, assessing medication-administration knowledge against a structured counselling checklist and measuring correct dose and timing responses during a single interview.
178. Cross-sectional drug utilisation study of medicines for dementia in neurology clinics, assessing generic and essential-medicine prescribing against World Health Organization prescribing indicators during nine months.
179. Retrospective prescription study of adults with dementia receiving antipsychotic medicines in addition to cognitive enhancers, assessing indications against guideline recommendations and documenting duration of antipsychotic exposure.
180. Before-and-after assessment of residents receiving one rational dementia pharmacotherapy session, using guideline-based cases as reference and measuring drug-selection and interaction-recognition scores immediately before and after teaching.

Drugs for migraine

181. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adults with migraine attending neurology clinics, assessing acute and preventive pharmacotherapy against standard treatment guidelines and documenting appropriate treatment selection at the index visit.
182. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults receiving sumatriptan versus non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for acute migraine, comparing self-reported pain relief and rescue medication requirement within twenty-four hours.
183. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults receiving propranolol versus topiramate for migraine prevention, comparing monthly headache-day reduction and documented adverse effects after at least three months of routine therapy.
184. Prospective observational study of adults newly receiving migraine preventive medicines, assessing suspected adverse drug reactions using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale during twelve weeks.
185. Cross-sectional study of adults with migraine using acute medicines, assessing medication-overuse risk against standard diagnostic criteria and documenting days of acute medicine use during the preceding month.
186. Retrospective record-based study of women with migraine receiving preventive medicines, assessing pregnancy-related contraindications against treatment records and documenting potentially inappropriate exposure during the preceding year.
187. Cross-sectional prescription audit of migraine prescriptions, assessing generic and essential-medicine prescribing against World Health Organization prescribing indicators and calculating mean prescription cost during nine months.
188. Cross-sectional study of adults receiving sumatriptan, assessing contraindications and interacting medicines against standard treatment guidance and documenting potentially unsafe prescriptions at the index visit.
189. Cross-sectional survey of adults treated for migraine, assessing knowledge of acute versus preventive medicine use against a structured counselling checklist and measuring correct-response scores during a single interview.
190. Before-and-after assessment of residents receiving one rational migraine pharmacotherapy session, using guideline-based clinical scenarios as reference and measuring acute and preventive drug-selection scores immediately after teaching.

Substance-use pharmacotherapy

191. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adults receiving pharmacotherapy for alcohol dependence, assessing naltrexone, acamprosate and disulfiram use against standard treatment guidelines and documenting indication appropriateness at the index visit.
192. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults with alcohol dependence receiving naltrexone versus acamprosate, comparing medication adherence and documented alcohol-use status after three months of routine treatment.
193. Prospective observational study of adults receiving disulfiram for alcohol dependence, assessing suspected adverse drug reactions using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale during twelve weeks.
194. Cross-sectional study of adults receiving buprenorphine-based treatment for opioid dependence, assessing prescribed doses against institutional treatment guidance and documenting supervised dosing adherence during the preceding month.
195. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults receiving buprenorphine with naloxone versus buprenorphine alone for opioid dependence, comparing documented treatment retention and adverse effects at three months.
196. Retrospective record-based study of adults receiving substance-use pharmacotherapy, assessing concomitant sedatives and other interacting medicines against a standard interaction database and documenting clinically significant combinations during six months.
197. Cross-sectional survey of adults receiving treatment for alcohol or opioid dependence, assessing medication knowledge with a structured counselling questionnaire and measuring correct-response scores at the index clinic visit.
198. Cross-sectional drug utilisation study of medicines used in a teaching-hospital substance-use treatment service, assessing generic and essential-medicine prescribing against World Health Organization prescribing indicators during nine months.
199. Retrospective study of adults prescribed disulfiram or naltrexone, assessing baseline liver function documentation against recommended monitoring and recording treatment discontinuation related to liver abnormalities within three months.
200. Before-and-after assessment of psychiatry residents receiving one teaching session on substance-use pharmacotherapy, using guideline-based cases as reference and measuring appropriate medicine-selection and safety-monitoring scores immediately after teaching.

Antimicrobial and Chemotherapeutic Pharmacology Thesis Topics

Antibiotics

201. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adult medicine inpatients receiving antibiotics, assessing indication and selection against hospital antimicrobial guidelines and documenting guideline-concordant prescriptions during a nine-month study period.
202. Cross-sectional drug utilisation study of antibiotics prescribed in paediatric wards, assessing generic and essential-medicine prescribing against World Health Organization prescribing indicators and documenting antibiotic encounters during nine months.
203. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults receiving ceftriaxone versus piperacillin with tazobactam for documented bacterial infections, comparing guideline concordance and duration of therapy during the index admission.
204. Retrospective record-based study of surgical inpatients receiving prophylactic antibiotics, assessing agent choice and duration against hospital surgical prophylaxis guidance and documenting appropriate prophylaxis during the preceding year.
205. Prospective observational study of inpatients receiving systemic antibiotics, assessing suspected adverse drug reactions using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale and Hartwig severity assessment scale until discharge.
206. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adults receiving fixed dose antibiotic combinations, assessing formulations against national regulatory and essential-medicine references and documenting potentially irrational combinations during nine months.
207. Comparative cross-sectional study of antibiotic prescriptions during post-monsoon versus non-monsoon months, comparing antibiotic encounter rates and guideline concordance among medicine outpatients over one year.
208. Cross-sectional study of adults receiving two or more antibiotics, assessing potential drug interactions and therapeutic duplication against a standard interaction reference and documenting clinically relevant combinations at the index prescription.
209. Retrospective record-based study of adults receiving antibiotics with impaired kidney function, assessing dose adjustment against kidney dosing recommendations and documenting potentially inappropriate doses during the index admission.
210. Before-and-after assessment of resident doctors following one rational antibiotic prescribing session, using hospital guideline-based clinical cases as reference and measuring antibiotic-selection scores immediately before and after teaching.

Antitubercular drugs

211. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adults receiving first-line antitubercular treatment under the national tuberculosis programme, assessing regimen composition against programme guidance and documenting concordance at treatment initiation.
212. Prospective observational study of adults receiving first-line antitubercular medicines, assessing suspected adverse drug reactions using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale and Hartwig severity assessment scale during three months.
213. Cross-sectional study of adults receiving antitubercular treatment, assessing medication adherence with a validated adherence questionnaire against treatment-card records and measuring agreement after three months of therapy.
214. Retrospective case-control study of adults receiving first-line antitubercular medicines, comparing age, alcohol use and baseline liver disease between patients with and without documented drug-induced liver injury during treatment.
215. Cross-sectional study of adults receiving rifampicin-containing regimens, assessing potentially clinically significant interacting medicines against a standard interaction database and documenting interaction categories at the index visit.
216. Retrospective record-based study of adults receiving antitubercular treatment, assessing weight-based dosing against national programme guidance and documenting dosing discrepancies during the intensive treatment phase.
217. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults with versus without diabetes mellitus receiving antitubercular medicines, comparing documented adverse drug reactions and treatment adherence during the first three months.
218. Cross-sectional survey of adults starting antitubercular treatment, assessing knowledge of dosing, adherence and adverse-effect reporting against national programme counselling messages and measuring knowledge scores at treatment initiation.
219. Cross-sectional study of adverse drug reaction reports involving antitubercular medicines, comparing Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale categories with World Health Organization Uppsala Monitoring Centre causality categories during one year.
220. Before-and-after assessment of resident doctors receiving one pharmacovigilance session on antitubercular medicines, using programme-based cases as reference and measuring adverse-reaction recognition and reporting scores immediately after teaching.

Antifungal drugs

221. Cross-sectional prescription audit of hospitalised adults receiving systemic antifungal medicines, assessing indication and agent selection against institutional treatment guidance and documenting appropriate prescribing during nine months.
222. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults receiving fluconazole versus amphotericin B for documented fungal infections, comparing recorded adverse drug reactions and treatment-related laboratory abnormalities during the index admission.
223. Prospective observational study of adults receiving systemic antifungal therapy, assessing suspected adverse drug reactions using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale and Hartwig severity assessment scale until treatment completion or discharge.
224. Retrospective record-based study of adults receiving fluconazole, assessing concomitant medicines for potential interactions against a standard interaction database and documenting clinically significant interactions during the index admission.
225. Cross-sectional prescription audit of patients receiving topical antifungal medicines in dermatology clinics, assessing drug selection and combination products against standard treatment guidelines during a nine-month period.
226. Comparative cross-sectional study of patients prescribed topical antifungal monotherapy versus antifungal-corticosteroid combinations for superficial fungal infections, comparing guideline concordance and monthly treatment cost at the index visit.
227. Retrospective record-based study of adults receiving amphotericin B, assessing kidney function and electrolyte monitoring against recommended safety practices and documenting abnormalities during treatment.
228. Cross-sectional drug utilisation study of antifungal medicines in dermatology and medicine departments, assessing generic and essential-medicine prescribing against World Health Organization prescribing indicators during nine months.
229. Cross-sectional survey of patients prescribed topical antifungal medicines, assessing knowledge of application frequency and treatment duration against prescribed instructions and measuring correct-use scores at interview.
230. Before-and-after assessment of resident doctors following one rational antifungal prescribing session, using guideline-based fungal infection cases as reference and measuring drug-selection and interaction-recognition scores immediately after teaching.

Antiviral drugs

231. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adults receiving antiretroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus infection, assessing regimen composition against national programme guidance and documenting concordant prescribing at the index visit.
232. Prospective observational study of adults receiving antiretroviral medicines, assessing suspected adverse drug reactions using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale and Hartwig severity assessment scale during three months.
233. Cross-sectional study of adults receiving antiretroviral therapy, assessing adherence with a validated medication adherence questionnaire against pharmacy refill records and measuring agreement over the preceding three months.
234. Retrospective record-based study of adults receiving antiretroviral medicines, assessing concomitant medicines for clinically important interactions against a standard interaction database and documenting interaction categories during six months.
235. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults receiving tenofovir-containing versus non-tenofovir antiretroviral regimens, comparing documented kidney function abnormalities during the preceding six months.
236. Retrospective case-control study of adults receiving antiretroviral medicines, comparing treatment regimen and concomitant medicines between patients with and without documented kidney function decline during six months.
237. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adults receiving acyclovir for herpesvirus infections, assessing dose adjustment against kidney function recommendations and documenting potentially inappropriate dosing during the index admission.
238. Cross-sectional drug utilisation study of antiviral medicines in medicine clinics, assessing generic and essential-medicine prescribing against World Health Organization prescribing indicators during a nine-month period.
239. Cross-sectional survey of adults receiving long-term antiviral therapy, assessing knowledge of adherence and adverse-effect reporting against a structured counselling checklist and measuring correct-response scores at interview.
240. Before-and-after assessment of resident doctors receiving one teaching session on rational antiviral prescribing, using national programme and guideline-based cases as reference and measuring medicine-selection scores immediately after teaching.

Antimalarial drugs

241. Cross-sectional prescription audit of patients treated for laboratory-confirmed malaria, assessing antimalarial regimen selection against national treatment guidance and documenting guideline-concordant therapy during the malaria transmission season.
242. Comparative cross-sectional study of patients with uncomplicated malaria receiving different guideline-recommended regimens according to infecting species, comparing documented fever clearance and adverse effects within seven days.
243. Prospective observational study of patients receiving antimalarial medicines, assessing suspected adverse drug reactions using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale and Hartwig severity assessment scale within fourteen days.
244. Retrospective record-based study of patients treated for malaria, assessing weight-based antimalarial dosing against national guidance and documenting dosing discrepancies during the preceding transmission season.
245. Cross-sectional study of patients receiving primaquine, assessing documentation of contraindications and safety precautions against national malaria guidance and recording prescribing completeness at the index encounter.
246. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults and children treated for malaria, comparing guideline concordance of drug selection and weight-based dosing during a single transmission season.
247. Cross-sectional prescription audit of antimalarial medicines in emergency and medicine departments, assessing generic and essential-medicine prescribing against World Health Organization prescribing indicators during nine months.
248. Retrospective study of patients receiving antimalarial medicines with concomitant drugs, assessing potential interactions against a standard interaction database and documenting clinically relevant combinations at the index admission.
249. Cross-sectional survey of patients or caregivers receiving antimalarial medicines, assessing dosing and completion knowledge against prescribed instructions and measuring correct-response scores before discharge.
250. Before-and-after assessment of resident doctors receiving one teaching session on national malaria pharmacotherapy guidance, using clinical scenarios as reference and measuring regimen-selection scores immediately before and after teaching.

Antiparasitic drugs

251. Cross-sectional prescription audit of patients receiving antiparasitic medicines in medicine and paediatric clinics, assessing indications and medicine selection against standard treatment guidelines during a nine-month period.
252. Comparative cross-sectional study of patients receiving albendazole versus mebendazole for intestinal helminth infection, comparing prescribed dose appropriateness and documented gastrointestinal adverse effects within fourteen days.
253. Prospective observational study of patients receiving antiparasitic medicines, assessing suspected adverse drug reactions using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale during fourteen days of routine treatment.
254. Cross-sectional prescription audit of children receiving albendazole, assessing weight-appropriate dosing against standard paediatric treatment guidance and documenting dosing discrepancies during nine months.
255. Retrospective record-based study of patients treated for amoebiasis, assessing metronidazole prescribing against standard treatment guidance and documenting dose, duration and concomitant luminal therapy during the index episode.
256. Cross-sectional study of patients receiving metronidazole, assessing concomitant medicines for potential interactions against a standard interaction database and documenting clinically significant combinations at the index prescription.
257. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults versus children receiving antiparasitic therapy, comparing generic prescribing and essential-medicine use against World Health Organization prescribing indicators during nine months.
258. Cross-sectional survey of caregivers of children prescribed antiparasitic medicines, assessing knowledge of dose and treatment completion against written prescription instructions and measuring correct-response scores at interview.
259. Retrospective prescription study of antiparasitic fixed dose combinations, assessing formulations against national essential-medicine and regulatory references and documenting potentially irrational combinations during one year.
260. Before-and-after assessment of paediatric and medicine residents receiving one rational antiparasitic prescribing session, using guideline-based cases as reference and measuring medicine-selection and dosing scores immediately after teaching.

Antimicrobial resistance

261. Retrospective record-based study of adult inpatients with culture-confirmed bacterial infections, comparing empirical antibiotic prescriptions with subsequent susceptibility reports and measuring empirical-treatment concordance during one year.
262. Cross-sectional study of culture-positive bacterial isolates from hospitalised patients, relating prior antibiotic exposure recorded in case files to multidrug-resistant organism isolation during the index admission.
263. Comparative cross-sectional study of patients with community-onset versus hospital-onset culture-confirmed infections, comparing antimicrobial resistance patterns and prior antibiotic exposure during a twelve-month period.
264. Retrospective case-control study of adult inpatients with bacterial infections, comparing previous broad-spectrum antibiotic exposure between patients with resistant and susceptible bacterial isolates during one year.
265. Cross-sectional prescription and microbiology record study of adults receiving carbapenems, assessing treatment against culture susceptibility results and hospital restriction guidance during a nine-month period.
266. Retrospective record-based study of adults with urinary tract infections, comparing empirical antibiotics with culture susceptibility results and documenting treatment mismatch at the index episode.
267. Cross-sectional study of adults with bloodstream infections, assessing antibiotic escalation and de-escalation against microbiology reports and hospital antimicrobial guidance within seventy-two hours of susceptibility availability.
268. Comparative cross-sectional study of antibiotic prescribing in wards with higher versus lower documented resistance rates, comparing broad-spectrum antibiotic use using defined daily dose methodology during nine months.
269. Cross-sectional survey of resident doctors, assessing knowledge and attitudes concerning antimicrobial resistance using a validated questionnaire and relating scores to recent antimicrobial stewardship training at a single assessment.
270. Before-and-after assessment of resident doctors receiving one teaching session on antimicrobial resistance, using culture-based prescribing scenarios as reference and measuring antibiotic-selection scores immediately before and after teaching.

Antibiotic stewardship

271. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adult medical inpatients receiving antibiotics, assessing indication, choice, dose and duration against hospital antimicrobial stewardship guidance during a nine-month period.
272. Retrospective record-based study of patients receiving restricted antibiotics, assessing documented approval and indication against hospital stewardship policy and measuring compliance during the preceding year.
273. Cross-sectional drug utilisation study of systemic antibiotics in intensive care patients, applying Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification with defined daily dose methodology and comparing use with hospital stewardship targets monthly for nine months.
274. Comparative cross-sectional study of medical and surgical wards, comparing antibiotic consumption using defined daily dose methodology and guideline-concordant prescribing during the same nine-month period.
275. Retrospective study of adults receiving empirical broad-spectrum antibiotics, assessing de-escalation against culture susceptibility results and documenting appropriate modification within seventy-two hours of final reports.
276. Cross-sectional prescription audit of surgical prophylactic antibiotics, comparing agent, timing and duration with hospital stewardship recommendations and measuring compliant prescriptions during nine months.
277. Comparative cross-sectional study of antibiotic prescriptions written before versus after routine microbiology susceptibility results became available, comparing spectrum score and guideline concordance within the same admission.
278. Cross-sectional survey of resident doctors, assessing antimicrobial stewardship knowledge and prescribing attitudes with a validated questionnaire and comparing scores by prior formal stewardship training at one assessment.
279. Cross-sectional study of inpatient antibiotic prescriptions, assessing documentation of indication and planned duration against stewardship standards and measuring completeness of antimicrobial orders during nine months.
280. Before-and-after assessment of resident doctors receiving one antimicrobial stewardship teaching session, using hospital guideline-based scenarios as reference and measuring rational antibiotic prescribing scores immediately after teaching.

Anticancer pharmacology

281. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adults receiving systemic anticancer therapy in a teaching hospital oncology service, assessing supportive and anticancer medicine prescribing against institutional protocols during nine months.
282. Prospective observational study of adults receiving routinely prescribed anticancer medicines, assessing suspected adverse drug reactions using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale and Hartwig severity assessment scale during each treatment cycle for three months.
283. Cross-sectional study of adults receiving anticancer therapy, assessing supportive antiemetic prescribing against institutional emesis-prevention protocols and documenting guideline-concordant prophylaxis at the index treatment cycle.
284. Retrospective record-based study of adults receiving platinum-based anticancer medicines, assessing kidney function monitoring against institutional safety protocols and documenting treatment-associated kidney abnormalities within three months.
285. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults receiving highly emetogenic versus moderately emetogenic anticancer regimens, comparing antiemetic prophylaxis concordance and documented breakthrough vomiting during the first treatment cycle.
286. Retrospective case-control study of adults receiving anticancer medicines, comparing regimen characteristics and concomitant medicines between patients with and without documented severe treatment-related adverse drug reactions during six months.
287. Cross-sectional drug utilisation study of anticancer and supportive medicines in an oncology day-care service, assessing generic and essential-medicine prescribing against the National List of Essential Medicines during nine months.
288. Cross-sectional study of adults receiving oral anticancer medicines, assessing adherence with a validated medication adherence questionnaire against pharmacy refill records and measuring agreement over three months.
289. Cross-sectional survey of adults receiving oral anticancer medicines, assessing knowledge of dosing and adverse-effect reporting against a structured counselling checklist and measuring correct-response scores during treatment.
290. Before-and-after assessment of oncology residents receiving one pharmacovigilance teaching session, using anticancer medicine cases as reference and measuring adverse-reaction recognition and reporting scores immediately after teaching.

Immunomodulatory drugs

291. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adults with rheumatoid arthritis receiving immunomodulatory medicines, assessing methotrexate and other disease-modifying therapy against standard treatment guidelines at the index rheumatology visit.
292. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults with rheumatoid arthritis receiving methotrexate alone versus combination disease-modifying therapy, comparing documented disease-control status and adverse drug reactions after six months.
293. Prospective observational study of adults receiving methotrexate for inflammatory disease, assessing suspected adverse drug reactions using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale during twelve weeks of routine therapy.
294. Retrospective record-based study of adults receiving methotrexate, assessing blood count and liver function monitoring against recommended safety schedules and documenting abnormalities during six months.
295. Cross-sectional study of adults receiving hydroxychloroquine for rheumatological disease, assessing dose selection and documented eye-screening advice against recommended safety guidance at the index visit.
296. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults receiving azathioprine versus mycophenolate mofetil for routinely managed autoimmune disease, comparing documented adverse drug reactions and treatment discontinuation within six months.
297. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adults receiving immunomodulatory medicines, assessing potential drug interactions against a standard interaction database and documenting clinically relevant combinations at the index prescription.
298. Cross-sectional drug utilisation study of immunomodulatory medicines in rheumatology clinics, assessing generic and essential-medicine prescribing against World Health Organization prescribing indicators during nine months.
299. Cross-sectional survey of adults receiving long-term immunomodulatory medicines, assessing knowledge of infection precautions and monitoring requirements against a structured counselling checklist and measuring knowledge scores at interview.
300. Before-and-after assessment of resident doctors receiving one rational immunomodulatory prescribing session, using guideline-based rheumatology cases as reference and measuring medicine-selection and safety-monitoring scores immediately after teaching.

Endocrine, Metabolic and Reproductive Pharmacology Thesis Topics

Antidiabetic drugs

301. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending medicine clinics, assessing glucose-lowering therapy against standard treatment guidelines and documenting prescribing appropriateness at the index visit.
302. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults receiving metformin with glimepiride versus metformin with teneligliptin, comparing documented glycated haemoglobin control and monthly treatment cost after at least three months.
303. Prospective observational study of adults receiving oral glucose-lowering medicines, assessing suspected adverse drug reactions using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale during twelve weeks of routine therapy.
304. Cross-sectional study of adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving five or more medicines, assessing potential drug interactions against a standard interaction database and documenting interaction severity at the index prescription.
305. Retrospective record-based study of adults receiving metformin, assessing dose appropriateness against kidney function recommendations and documenting potentially inappropriate exposure during the preceding six months.
306. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults receiving sulfonylureas versus other oral glucose-lowering medicines, comparing documented hypoglycaemic episodes during the preceding three months.
307. Cross-sectional drug utilisation study of glucose-lowering medicines in medicine outpatient clinics, assessing generic and essential-medicine prescribing against World Health Organization prescribing indicators during nine months.
308. Cross-sectional study of adults receiving antidiabetic medicines for at least three months, assessing adherence with a validated medication adherence questionnaire against pharmacy refill records at the index visit.
309. Retrospective case-control study of adults receiving glucose-lowering medicines, comparing sulfonylurea and insulin exposure between patients with and without documented hypoglycaemia during the preceding six months.
310. Before-and-after assessment of resident doctors receiving one rational diabetes pharmacotherapy session, using standard treatment guideline cases as reference and measuring medicine-selection and dose-adjustment scores immediately after teaching.

Thyroid pharmacotherapy

311. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adults with primary hypothyroidism receiving levothyroxine, assessing dose selection against thyroid function results and standard treatment guidance at the index outpatient visit.
312. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults taking levothyroxine before breakfast versus those reporting inconsistent relation to meals, comparing thyroid-stimulating hormone control at the latest follow-up.
313. Cross-sectional study of adults receiving levothyroxine, assessing concomitant medicines and supplements that impair absorption against a standard interaction reference and documenting potentially relevant coadministration at the index visit.
314. Retrospective record-based study of adults newly receiving levothyroxine, assessing dose titration against thyroid function results and documenting time to first biochemical target within six months.
315. Prospective observational study of adults receiving antithyroid medicines for hyperthyroidism, assessing suspected adverse drug reactions using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale during twelve weeks.
316. Retrospective study of adults receiving carbimazole, assessing blood count and liver-related safety investigations ordered during routine care against recommended monitoring and documenting abnormalities within three months.
317. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults aged below sixty-five years versus those aged sixty-five years or older receiving levothyroxine, comparing dose appropriateness and biochemical over-replacement at the index visit.
318. Cross-sectional drug utilisation study of thyroid medicines in endocrinology and medicine clinics, assessing generic and essential-medicine prescribing against World Health Organization prescribing indicators during nine months.
319. Cross-sectional survey of adults receiving levothyroxine, assessing knowledge of administration timing and interacting medicines against a structured counselling checklist and measuring correct-response scores at interview.
320. Before-and-after assessment of resident doctors receiving one rational thyroid pharmacotherapy session, using guideline-based cases as reference and measuring levothyroxine dosing and monitoring scores immediately after teaching.

Corticosteroids

321. Cross-sectional prescription audit of systemic corticosteroid use in medicine and respiratory clinics, assessing indication, dose and duration against standard treatment guidelines during a nine-month period.
322. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults receiving long-term prednisolone at lower versus higher daily doses, comparing documented glucose elevation, hypertension and weight gain during the preceding three months.
323. Prospective observational study of adults receiving systemic corticosteroids, assessing suspected adverse drug reactions using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale and Hartwig severity assessment scale during twelve weeks.
324. Cross-sectional study of adults receiving systemic corticosteroids for longer than three months, assessing gastroprotection and bone-protection prescribing against standard guidance at the index visit.
325. Retrospective record-based study of adults receiving corticosteroids during hospital admission, assessing duplicate systemic steroid prescriptions against medication charts and documenting cumulative exposure during the admission.
326. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults receiving oral prednisolone versus intravenous methylprednisolone for routinely treated inflammatory conditions, comparing dose equivalence and documented hyperglycaemia during admission.
327. Cross-sectional prescription audit of corticosteroid-containing fixed dose topical combinations in dermatology patients, assessing formulations against standard treatment guidance and documenting potentially irrational combinations during nine months.
328. Cross-sectional study of adults receiving corticosteroids with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, assessing gastrointestinal risk against standard safety recommendations and documenting gastroprotective co-prescribing at the index prescription.
329. Cross-sectional survey of adults receiving long-term corticosteroids, assessing knowledge of dose tapering and infection precautions against a structured counselling checklist and measuring correct-response scores at interview.
330. Before-and-after assessment of resident doctors receiving one corticosteroid safety teaching session, using guideline-based clinical scenarios as reference and measuring dose, duration and monitoring scores immediately after teaching.

Sex hormones

331. Cross-sectional prescription audit of women receiving estrogen or progesterone preparations in gynaecology clinics, assessing indication and regimen against standard treatment guidelines at the index visit.
332. Comparative cross-sectional study of women receiving oral versus non-oral menopausal hormone therapy, comparing documented adverse effects and treatment discontinuation after at least three months of routine use.
333. Prospective observational study of women receiving progesterone preparations for approved gynaecological indications, assessing suspected adverse drug reactions using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale during twelve weeks.
334. Cross-sectional prescription study of men receiving testosterone replacement for documented hypogonadism, assessing indications and monitoring against standard treatment guidance at the index visit.
335. Retrospective record-based study of women receiving menopausal hormone therapy, assessing documented contraindications against standard safety recommendations and recording potentially inappropriate prescriptions during the preceding year.
336. Comparative cross-sectional study of women receiving different progesterone formulations for abnormal uterine bleeding, comparing treatment cost and documented bleeding control after three months.
337. Cross-sectional study of patients receiving sex hormone preparations with interacting medicines, assessing potential interactions against a standard interaction database and documenting clinically relevant combinations at the index prescription.
338. Cross-sectional drug utilisation study of sex hormone preparations in gynaecology clinics, assessing generic and essential-medicine prescribing against World Health Organization prescribing indicators during nine months.
339. Cross-sectional survey of women receiving menopausal hormone therapy, assessing knowledge of benefits, common adverse effects and warning symptoms against a structured counselling checklist at the index visit.
340. Before-and-after assessment of gynaecology residents receiving one rational sex hormone prescribing session, using guideline-based cases as reference and measuring indication and contraindication recognition immediately after teaching.

Contraceptives

341. Cross-sectional study of women receiving hormonal contraception in a teaching-hospital family planning clinic, assessing method selection against national eligibility guidance and documenting appropriate prescribing at the index visit.
342. Comparative cross-sectional study of women using combined oral contraceptives versus progestin-only contraceptives, comparing self-reported adverse effects and continuation status after three months.
343. Prospective observational study of women initiating hormonal contraceptives, assessing suspected adverse drug reactions using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale during three months of routine use.
344. Cross-sectional study of women receiving combined oral contraceptives, assessing documented contraindications against national medical eligibility guidance and measuring potentially inappropriate use at the index visit.
345. Retrospective record-based study of women receiving emergency contraception from a teaching-hospital service, assessing prescribed regimens against national guidance and documenting repeat use within six months.
346. Comparative cross-sectional study of women using injectable versus oral hormonal contraceptives, comparing reported menstrual adverse effects and continuation at three months.
347. Cross-sectional survey of women receiving oral contraceptives, assessing knowledge of missed-dose management and warning symptoms against manufacturer and national counselling guidance at the index visit.
348. Cross-sectional prescription audit of hormonal contraceptives, assessing generic and essential-medicine prescribing against World Health Organization prescribing indicators during a nine-month period.
349. Cross-sectional study of women using hormonal contraceptives with concomitant medicines, assessing potential interactions against a standard interaction database and documenting combinations that may reduce contraceptive effectiveness.
350. Before-and-after assessment of resident doctors receiving one rational contraceptive pharmacology session, using national eligibility scenarios as reference and measuring method-selection and contraindication-recognition scores immediately after teaching.

Drugs for infertility

351. Cross-sectional prescription audit of women receiving pharmacotherapy for infertility in a teaching-hospital clinic, assessing medicine selection and indication against standard treatment guidance during nine months.
352. Comparative cross-sectional study of women receiving letrozole versus clomifene for ovulation induction, comparing documented ovulation and adverse effects during up to three routine treatment cycles.
353. Prospective observational study of women receiving ovulation-induction medicines, assessing suspected adverse drug reactions using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale during three treatment cycles.
354. Retrospective record-based study of women receiving letrozole or clomifene, assessing prescribed dose and cycle duration against institutional fertility protocols during the preceding year.
355. Cross-sectional study of women receiving infertility pharmacotherapy, assessing concomitant medicines and supplements against a standard interaction reference and documenting potentially relevant interactions at the index visit.
356. Comparative cross-sectional study of women receiving generic versus branded letrozole for ovulation induction, comparing treatment cost using published Indian price sources and documented adherence during one cycle.
357. Cross-sectional survey of women receiving ovulation-induction medicines, assessing knowledge of dose timing and warning symptoms against a structured counselling checklist and measuring correct-response scores at treatment initiation.
358. Cross-sectional drug utilisation study of infertility medicines in a gynaecology service, assessing generic and essential-medicine prescribing against World Health Organization prescribing indicators during nine months.
359. Retrospective study of women receiving multiple infertility medicines, assessing therapeutic duplication and protocol concordance against institutional guidance and documenting potentially inappropriate combinations during three cycles.
360. Before-and-after assessment of gynaecology residents receiving one rational infertility pharmacotherapy session, using guideline-based cases as reference and measuring medicine-selection and monitoring scores immediately after teaching.

Osteoporosis pharmacotherapy

361. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adults with diagnosed osteoporosis attending medicine or orthopaedic clinics, assessing pharmacotherapy against standard treatment guidelines and documenting appropriate calcium, vitamin D and antiresorptive use.
362. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults receiving alendronate versus other routinely available osteoporosis therapy, comparing documented treatment adherence and gastrointestinal adverse effects after three months.
363. Prospective observational study of adults receiving oral bisphosphonates, assessing suspected adverse drug reactions using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale during twelve weeks of routine treatment.
364. Cross-sectional study of adults receiving alendronate, assessing administration knowledge against manufacturer instructions and measuring correct fasting, posture and timing responses during a single interview.
365. Retrospective record-based study of adults receiving osteoporosis pharmacotherapy, assessing kidney function and calcium documentation against safety recommendations and recording potentially inappropriate prescriptions during six months.
366. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adults receiving long-term systemic corticosteroids, assessing osteoporosis preventive pharmacotherapy against standard guidance and documenting treatment gaps at the index visit.
367. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults aged below sixty-five years versus those aged sixty-five years or older receiving osteoporosis medicines, comparing polypharmacy and potential interaction burden at the index prescription.
368. Cross-sectional drug utilisation study of osteoporosis medicines in orthopaedic and medicine clinics, assessing generic and essential-medicine prescribing against World Health Organization prescribing indicators during nine months.
369. Cross-sectional survey of adults receiving osteoporosis medicines, assessing medication adherence with a validated questionnaire against pharmacy refill records and measuring agreement over the preceding three months.
370. Before-and-after assessment of resident doctors receiving one rational osteoporosis pharmacotherapy session, using guideline-based cases as reference and measuring treatment-selection and administration-counselling scores immediately after teaching.

Obesity pharmacotherapy

371. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adults with obesity attending medicine or endocrinology clinics, assessing prescribed weight-management medicines against standard treatment guidelines and documenting indication appropriateness at the index visit.
372. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults with obesity receiving pharmacotherapy versus lifestyle management alone in routine care, comparing documented weight change over the preceding three months without altering prescribed treatment.
373. Prospective observational study of adults receiving routinely prescribed anti-obesity medicines, assessing suspected adverse drug reactions using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale during twelve weeks.
374. Cross-sectional study of adults prescribed anti-obesity medicines, assessing contraindications and interacting medicines against standard treatment guidance and documenting potentially inappropriate prescribing at the index visit.
375. Retrospective record-based study of adults receiving anti-obesity pharmacotherapy, assessing baseline weight and metabolic investigations against routine monitoring recommendations and documenting completeness during six months.
376. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults receiving generic versus branded formulations of the same anti-obesity medicine, comparing monthly treatment cost using published Indian price sources at the index prescription.
377. Cross-sectional survey of adults receiving pharmacotherapy for obesity, assessing adherence and treatment expectations with a structured questionnaire and measuring adherence scores after at least eight weeks.
378. Cross-sectional drug utilisation study of pharmacological weight-management prescriptions in endocrinology clinics, assessing generic prescribing and guideline concordance during a nine-month study period.
379. Retrospective prescription study of adults receiving unapproved or irrational weight-loss combinations documented in referral records, comparing ingredients with national regulatory references and documenting frequency during one year.
380. Before-and-after assessment of resident doctors receiving one rational obesity pharmacotherapy session, using guideline-based cases as reference and measuring indication, contraindication and monitoring scores immediately after teaching.

Dyslipidaemia treatment

381. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adults with dyslipidaemia attending medicine clinics, assessing lipid-lowering therapy against standard treatment guidelines and documenting appropriate statin intensity at the index visit.
382. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults receiving atorvastatin versus rosuvastatin for dyslipidaemia, comparing documented low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction and monthly treatment cost after three months.
383. Prospective observational study of adults receiving lipid-lowering medicines, assessing suspected adverse drug reactions using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale during twelve weeks of routine therapy.
384. Cross-sectional study of adults with diabetes mellitus and dyslipidaemia, assessing statin prescribing against guideline recommendations and documenting appropriate treatment intensity at the index visit.
385. Retrospective record-based study of adults receiving statins, assessing liver enzyme monitoring against routine safety recommendations and documenting clinically significant abnormalities during six months.
386. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults receiving statin monotherapy versus statin with ezetimibe, comparing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goal attainment and monthly prescription cost after three months.
387. Cross-sectional study of adults receiving lipid-lowering medicines with potential interacting drugs, assessing interactions against a standard interaction database and documenting severity at the index prescription.
388. Cross-sectional drug utilisation study of lipid-lowering medicines in endocrinology clinics, assessing generic and essential-medicine prescribing against World Health Organization prescribing indicators during nine months.
389. Cross-sectional survey of adults receiving long-term statins, assessing adherence with a validated medication adherence questionnaire against prescription refill records and measuring agreement at the index visit.
390. Before-and-after assessment of resident doctors receiving one rational dyslipidaemia treatment session, using guideline-based cases as reference and measuring statin-intensity and add-on-therapy selection scores immediately after teaching.

Hormonal drug safety

391. Prospective observational study of patients receiving hormonal medicines in endocrinology and gynaecology clinics, assessing suspected adverse drug reactions with the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale during twelve weeks.
392. Agreement study of hormonal medicine adverse drug reactions, comparing Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale categories with World Health Organization Uppsala Monitoring Centre causality categories for reports collected during nine months.
393. Cross-sectional study of hormonal adverse drug reaction reports, assessing completeness against the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India reporting form and measuring missing mandatory fields during one year.
394. Retrospective case-control study of women receiving hormonal medicines, comparing age, obesity and concomitant medicine exposure between those with and without documented adverse reactions during six months.
395. Cross-sectional prescription study of patients receiving hormonal medicines with five or more concomitant drugs, assessing potential interactions against a standard interaction database and documenting interaction severity at the index visit.
396. Comparative cross-sectional study of women receiving estrogen-containing versus progestin-only hormonal preparations, comparing documented adverse reactions and treatment discontinuation within three months.
397. Prospective observational study of women receiving hormonal medicines, assessing preventability of suspected adverse reactions using Schumock and Thornton preventability criteria during twelve weeks.
398. Cross-sectional survey of resident doctors and nurses working in endocrine and reproductive services, assessing hormonal-drug pharmacovigilance knowledge using a validated questionnaire during a single assessment.
399. Before-and-after assessment of resident doctors receiving one hormonal-drug safety teaching session, using adverse-reaction scenarios as reference and measuring recognition and reporting scores immediately before and after teaching.
400. Inter-observer agreement study of hormonal medicine adverse-reaction severity, comparing two trained assessors using the Hartwig severity assessment scale and measuring kappa agreement for reports collected during nine months.

Gastrointestinal, Respiratory and Autacoid Pharmacology Thesis Topics

Antiulcer drugs

401. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adults receiving proton pump inhibitors in medicine and surgery wards, assessing indication and duration against standard treatment guidelines during a nine-month period.
402. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults receiving pantoprazole versus rabeprazole for acid-related disorders, comparing symptom-control documentation and monthly treatment cost after at least four weeks.
403. Prospective observational study of adults receiving proton pump inhibitors, assessing suspected adverse drug reactions using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale during twelve weeks of routine treatment.
404. Cross-sectional study of hospitalised adults receiving stress-ulcer prophylaxis, assessing proton pump inhibitor indications against institutional guidance and documenting potentially unnecessary use during the index admission.
405. Retrospective record-based study of adults discharged on proton pump inhibitors, assessing continued indication against discharge diagnoses and documenting potentially unnecessary continuation at three months.
406. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults receiving proton pump inhibitors with versus without non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, comparing indication appropriateness and prescription cost at the index encounter.
407. Cross-sectional prescription audit of antiulcer medicines, assessing generic and essential-medicine prescribing against World Health Organization prescribing indicators during a nine-month period.
408. Cross-sectional study of adults receiving proton pump inhibitors with potentially interacting medicines, assessing interactions against a standard interaction database and documenting clinically relevant combinations at the index prescription.
409. Cross-sectional survey of adults receiving long-term proton pump inhibitors, assessing knowledge of indication and intended duration against prescribed instructions and measuring correct-response scores at interview.
410. Before-and-after assessment of resident doctors receiving one rational antiulcer prescribing session, using guideline-based cases as reference and measuring appropriate indication and duration scores immediately before and after teaching.

Antiemetics

411. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adult inpatients receiving antiemetics, assessing medicine selection and indication against standard treatment guidelines and documenting prescribing appropriateness during nine months.
412. Comparative cross-sectional study of postoperative adults receiving ondansetron versus metoclopramide, comparing documented nausea, vomiting and adverse effects during the first twenty-four hours of routine care.
413. Prospective observational study of adults receiving antiemetic medicines, assessing suspected adverse drug reactions using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale during forty-eight hours of routine treatment.
414. Cross-sectional study of adults receiving ondansetron with other medicines associated with corrected electrocardiographic interval prolongation, assessing potential interactions against a standard interaction reference at the index prescription.
415. Retrospective record-based study of adults receiving metoclopramide, assessing dose and duration against standard safety recommendations and documenting extrapyramidal adverse effects during the index admission.
416. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults receiving single-agent versus combination antiemetic therapy, comparing indication appropriateness and documented symptom control within twenty-four hours.
417. Cross-sectional drug utilisation study of antiemetics in surgical and medicine wards, assessing generic and essential-medicine prescribing against World Health Organization prescribing indicators during nine months.
418. Cross-sectional prescription audit of antiemetic use in adults receiving anticancer therapy, assessing prophylactic regimens against institutional emesis-prevention guidance at the index treatment cycle.
419. Cross-sectional survey of adults discharged with antiemetics, assessing knowledge of dosing and sedation precautions against written prescription instructions and measuring correct-response scores before discharge.
420. Before-and-after assessment of resident doctors receiving one rational antiemetic prescribing session, using guideline-based clinical scenarios as reference and measuring drug-selection and interaction-recognition scores immediately after teaching.

Laxatives

421. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adults receiving laxatives in medicine and surgical wards, assessing indication and medicine selection against standard treatment guidance during a nine-month period.
422. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults receiving lactulose versus polyethylene glycol for constipation, comparing documented bowel-frequency improvement and adverse effects after at least two weeks of routine treatment.
423. Prospective observational study of adults receiving laxatives, assessing diarrhoea, abdominal discomfort and other suspected adverse drug reactions using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale during four weeks.
424. Cross-sectional study of adults aged sixty-five years or older receiving laxatives, assessing potentially inappropriate chronic use against geriatric prescribing criteria and documenting concurrent constipating medicines at the index visit.
425. Retrospective record-based study of hospitalised adults receiving stimulant laxatives, assessing indication and duration against medication charts and documenting potentially unnecessary prolonged use during admission.
426. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults receiving opioid analgesics with versus without prophylactic laxatives, comparing bowel-related complaints and guideline concordance during the index admission.
427. Cross-sectional drug utilisation study of laxatives in medicine wards, assessing generic and essential-medicine prescribing against World Health Organization prescribing indicators during nine months.
428. Cross-sectional study of adults receiving multiple laxatives, assessing therapeutic duplication against standard treatment guidance and documenting potentially inappropriate combinations at the index prescription.
429. Cross-sectional survey of adults using prescribed laxatives, assessing knowledge of dose, hydration and intended duration against a structured counselling checklist and measuring correct-response scores at interview.
430. Before-and-after assessment of resident doctors receiving one rational laxative prescribing session, using constipation cases as reference and measuring indication, drug-selection and duration scores immediately after teaching.

Antidiarrhoeal drugs

431. Cross-sectional prescription audit of patients treated for acute diarrhoea in medicine and paediatric services, assessing pharmacotherapy against standard treatment guidelines and documenting rational medicine use during nine months.
432. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults receiving oral rehydration therapy alone versus oral rehydration therapy with additional antidiarrhoeal medicines, comparing guideline concordance and symptom duration documented during the index episode.
433. Prospective observational study of patients receiving antidiarrhoeal medicines, assessing suspected adverse drug reactions using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale during seven days of routine treatment.
434. Cross-sectional prescription audit of children with acute diarrhoea, assessing oral rehydration solution and zinc prescribing against standard paediatric guidance and documenting guideline-concordant treatment during nine months.
435. Retrospective record-based study of adults with acute diarrhoea receiving antibiotics, assessing indications against standard treatment guidelines and documenting potentially unnecessary antibiotic use during the preceding year.
436. Comparative cross-sectional study of paediatric and adult acute diarrhoea prescriptions, comparing number of medicines and guideline-concordant supportive therapy during the same nine-month period.
437. Cross-sectional drug utilisation study of medicines prescribed for acute diarrhoea, assessing generic and essential-medicine prescribing against World Health Organization prescribing indicators during nine months.
438. Cross-sectional study of diarrhoea prescriptions containing fixed dose combinations, assessing formulations against national regulatory and treatment references and documenting potentially irrational combinations during one year.
439. Cross-sectional survey of caregivers of children with acute diarrhoea, assessing knowledge of oral rehydration solution and zinc use against standard counselling guidance at the index visit.
440. Before-and-after assessment of resident doctors receiving one rational acute diarrhoea treatment session, using guideline-based cases as reference and measuring supportive-treatment and antibiotic-selection scores immediately after teaching.

Drugs for inflammatory bowel disease

441. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adults with ulcerative colitis or Crohn disease attending gastroenterology clinics, assessing pharmacotherapy against standard treatment guidelines at the index visit.
442. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults with ulcerative colitis receiving mesalazine alone versus mesalazine with corticosteroids, comparing documented disease activity and adverse effects after three months.
443. Prospective observational study of adults receiving mesalazine or immunomodulatory therapy for inflammatory bowel disease, assessing suspected adverse drug reactions using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale during twelve weeks.
444. Retrospective record-based study of adults receiving azathioprine for inflammatory bowel disease, assessing blood count and liver function monitoring against safety recommendations and documenting abnormalities during six months.
445. Cross-sectional study of adults with inflammatory bowel disease receiving five or more medicines, assessing potential drug interactions against a standard interaction database and documenting interaction severity at the index visit.
446. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults receiving oral versus rectal mesalazine-containing regimens for ulcerative colitis, comparing documented symptom control and treatment adherence after three months.
447. Cross-sectional drug utilisation study of inflammatory bowel disease medicines in gastroenterology clinics, assessing generic and essential-medicine prescribing against World Health Organization prescribing indicators during nine months.
448. Cross-sectional survey of adults receiving long-term inflammatory bowel disease medicines, assessing adherence with a validated medication adherence questionnaire against pharmacy refill records at the index visit.
449. Retrospective study of adults receiving systemic corticosteroids for inflammatory bowel disease, assessing duration against treatment guidance and documenting prolonged exposure during the preceding year.
450. Before-and-after assessment of gastroenterology residents receiving one rational inflammatory bowel disease pharmacotherapy session, using guideline-based cases as reference and measuring medicine-selection and monitoring scores immediately after teaching.

Bronchodilators

451. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adults with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease attending respiratory clinics, assessing bronchodilator prescribing against standard treatment guidelines at the index visit.
452. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults receiving salbutamol alone versus salbutamol with ipratropium for obstructive airway disease, comparing documented symptom relief and adverse effects during acute treatment.
453. Prospective observational study of adults receiving inhaled bronchodilators, assessing tremor, palpitations and other suspected adverse drug reactions using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale during four weeks.
454. Cross-sectional study of adults prescribed inhaled bronchodilators, assessing inhaler technique with a device-specific checklist against manufacturer instructions and measuring correct-step scores at the index visit.
455. Retrospective record-based study of adults with obstructive airway disease receiving frequent short-acting bronchodilator prescriptions, assessing controller therapy against guideline recommendations and documenting potential undertreatment during six months.
456. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults using metered-dose inhalers versus dry-powder inhalers for bronchodilator therapy, comparing inhaler technique scores at the index clinic assessment.
457. Cross-sectional drug utilisation study of bronchodilators in respiratory clinics, assessing generic and essential-medicine prescribing against World Health Organization prescribing indicators during nine months.
458. Cross-sectional study of adults receiving theophylline with potentially interacting medicines, assessing interactions against a standard interaction database and documenting clinically relevant combinations at the index prescription.
459. Cross-sectional survey of adults receiving bronchodilators, assessing medication adherence with a validated adherence questionnaire against prescription refill records and measuring agreement at the index visit.
460. Before-and-after assessment of resident doctors receiving one rational bronchodilator prescribing session, using guideline-based airway disease cases as reference and measuring drug-selection and inhaler-counselling scores immediately after teaching.

Inhaled corticosteroids

461. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adults with persistent asthma attending respiratory clinics, assessing inhaled corticosteroid prescribing against standard treatment guidelines and documenting appropriate controller therapy at the index visit.
462. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults receiving budesonide versus fluticasone-containing inhaled regimens, comparing documented oral candidiasis, hoarseness and symptom control after three months.
463. Prospective observational study of adults receiving inhaled corticosteroids, assessing suspected local and systemic adverse drug reactions using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale during twelve weeks.
464. Cross-sectional study of adults using inhaled corticosteroids, assessing inhaler technique with a device-specific checklist against manufacturer instructions and measuring correct-step scores at the index visit.
465. Retrospective record-based study of adults with asthma receiving repeated short-acting bronchodilator prescriptions, assessing concomitant inhaled corticosteroid use against guideline recommendations during the preceding six months.
466. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults using inhaled corticosteroid monotherapy versus inhaled corticosteroid with long-acting bronchodilator therapy, comparing guideline concordance and documented symptom control at three months.
467. Cross-sectional drug utilisation study of inhaled corticosteroid prescriptions in respiratory clinics, assessing generic and essential-medicine prescribing against World Health Organization prescribing indicators during nine months.
468. Cross-sectional survey of adults receiving inhaled corticosteroids, assessing knowledge of mouth rinsing and regular controller use against a structured counselling checklist and measuring correct-response scores at interview.
469. Retrospective study of adults receiving high-dose inhaled corticosteroids, assessing prescribed dose against guideline severity categories and documenting potentially excessive dosing during six months.
470. Before-and-after assessment of resident doctors receiving one rational inhaled corticosteroid session, using guideline-based asthma cases as reference and measuring controller-selection and inhaler-counselling scores immediately after teaching.

Antihistamines

471. Cross-sectional prescription audit of patients receiving antihistamines in dermatology and medicine clinics, assessing indication and medicine selection against standard treatment guidelines during a nine-month period.
472. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults receiving cetirizine versus levocetirizine for allergic disorders, comparing self-reported daytime sedation and monthly treatment cost after at least two weeks.
473. Prospective observational study of adults receiving first-generation or second-generation antihistamines, assessing suspected adverse drug reactions using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale during four weeks.
474. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adults aged sixty-five years or older receiving antihistamines, assessing potentially inappropriate first-generation antihistamine use against geriatric prescribing criteria at the index visit.
475. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults receiving chlorpheniramine versus cetirizine, comparing self-reported sedation and interference with daytime activities during the first week of treatment.
476. Retrospective record-based study of adults receiving sedating antihistamines with other central nervous system depressants, assessing interactions against a standard interaction database and documenting high-risk combinations during six months.
477. Cross-sectional drug utilisation study of antihistamines in outpatient departments, assessing generic and essential-medicine prescribing against World Health Organization prescribing indicators during nine months.
478. Cross-sectional prescription study of antihistamine-containing fixed dose combinations, assessing formulations against standard treatment and national regulatory references and documenting potentially irrational combinations during one year.
479. Cross-sectional survey of adults prescribed sedating antihistamines, assessing knowledge of driving and alcohol precautions against a structured counselling checklist and measuring correct-response scores at interview.
480. Before-and-after assessment of resident doctors receiving one rational antihistamine prescribing session, using allergy cases as reference and measuring medicine-selection and sedation-risk recognition scores immediately after teaching.

Leukotriene modifiers

481. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adults with asthma or allergic rhinitis receiving montelukast, assessing indication against standard treatment guidelines and documenting appropriate use at the index visit.
482. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults with allergic rhinitis receiving montelukast with antihistamines versus antihistamines alone, comparing documented symptom control and monthly treatment cost after four weeks.
483. Prospective observational study of adults receiving montelukast, assessing suspected neuropsychiatric and other adverse drug reactions using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale during twelve weeks.
484. Retrospective record-based study of children receiving montelukast for wheezing or asthma, assessing prescribing indication against paediatric treatment guidelines and documenting potentially inappropriate use during six months.
485. Cross-sectional study of adults receiving montelukast-containing fixed dose combinations, assessing formulations against guideline recommendations and documenting therapeutic necessity at the index prescription.
486. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults with asthma receiving inhaled corticosteroids alone versus inhaled corticosteroids with montelukast, comparing guideline concordance and documented symptom control after three months.
487. Cross-sectional drug utilisation study of leukotriene modifiers in respiratory and allergy clinics, assessing generic and essential-medicine prescribing against World Health Organization prescribing indicators during nine months.
488. Cross-sectional survey of adults receiving montelukast, assessing knowledge of controller role and adverse-effect reporting against a structured counselling checklist and measuring correct-response scores at interview.
489. Retrospective study of adults receiving montelukast with multiple concomitant medicines, assessing potential interactions against a standard interaction database and documenting clinically relevant combinations during six months.
490. Before-and-after assessment of resident doctors receiving one rational leukotriene-modifier prescribing session, using guideline-based asthma and allergic rhinitis cases as reference and measuring appropriate-use scores immediately after teaching.

Drugs acting on prostaglandins and other autacoids

491. Cross-sectional prescription audit of obstetric patients receiving misoprostol for approved indications, assessing dose and route against institutional protocols and documenting prescribing concordance during nine months.
492. Retrospective record-based study of women receiving misoprostol for medical indications in obstetric care, assessing administered dose schedules against institutional guidance and documenting adverse effects during the index episode.
493. Prospective observational study of patients receiving prostaglandin analogues in routine hospital care, assessing suspected adverse drug reactions using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale during the treatment episode.
494. Cross-sectional prescription audit of adults receiving prostaglandin-related medicines for gastrointestinal or obstetric indications, assessing indication against standard treatment guidance and documenting appropriate use during nine months.
495. Comparative cross-sectional study of adults receiving non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines with differing cyclooxygenase selectivity, comparing documented gastrointestinal adverse effects and gastroprotective co-prescribing during four weeks.
496. Retrospective case-control study of adults receiving non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines, comparing concomitant anticoagulant and corticosteroid exposure between patients with and without documented gastrointestinal bleeding during six months.
497. Cross-sectional study of adults receiving non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines, assessing kidney-risk factors and interacting medicines against standard safety guidance and documenting potentially high-risk prescriptions at the index encounter.
498. Cross-sectional drug utilisation study of prostaglandin-related and other autacoid-modifying medicines, assessing generic and essential-medicine prescribing against World Health Organization prescribing indicators during nine months.
499. Cross-sectional survey of resident doctors, assessing knowledge of prostaglandin, histamine and related autacoid pharmacology using a validated knowledge questionnaire and measuring scores during a single assessment.
500. Before-and-after assessment of resident doctors receiving one rational autacoid pharmacology teaching session, using guideline-based therapeutic scenarios as reference and measuring medicine-selection and adverse-effect recognition scores immediately after teaching.