Cost-effectiveness analysis

1. Cost-effectiveness of amlodipine compared with telmisartan among adults with newly treated uncomplicated hypertension: a prospective observational study measuring cost per patient achieving target blood pressure at three months.
2. Cost-effectiveness of metformin plus glimepiride compared with metformin plus sitagliptin among adults with type two diabetes mellitus: a retrospective cohort study measuring cost per patient achieving glycated haemoglobin target at six months.
3. Cost-effectiveness of ceftriaxone plus azithromycin compared with amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid among adults hospitalised with community-acquired pneumonia: a prospective observational study measuring cost per clinical cure by day seven.
4. Cost-effectiveness of nitrofurantoin compared with fosfomycin among women with uncomplicated culture-confirmed urinary tract infection: a prospective observational study measuring treatment cost per symptom-free patient at day seven.
5. Cost-effectiveness of levetiracetam compared with sodium valproate among adults receiving monotherapy for generalised epilepsy: a retrospective record-based study measuring medication cost per seizure-free patient at three months.
6. Cost-effectiveness of pantoprazole compared with rabeprazole among adults treated for gastroesophageal reflux disease: a prospective observational study measuring direct medication cost per patient with symptom resolution at four weeks.
7. Cost-effectiveness of budesonide plus formoterol compared with fluticasone plus salmeterol among adults with persistent asthma: a retrospective cohort study measuring cost per exacerbation-free patient over six months.
8. Cost-effectiveness of methotrexate monotherapy compared with methotrexate plus hydroxychloroquine among adults with rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective observational study measuring cost per patient achieving low disease activity at three months.
9. Cost-effectiveness of risperidone compared with olanzapine among adults with schizophrenia receiving routine outpatient care: a prospective observational study measuring cost per clinically meaningful Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale improvement at three months.
10. Cost-effectiveness of paracetamol compared with paracetamol plus tramadol among adults undergoing elective abdominal surgery: a prospective observational study measuring medication cost per patient achieving adequate pain control within forty-eight hours.

Cost-minimization analysis

11. Cost-minimization of generic versus branded amlodipine among adults with uncomplicated hypertension and equivalent blood pressure control: a cross-sectional pharmacy-linked study comparing monthly acquisition costs at the outpatient visit.
12. Cost-minimization of generic versus branded metformin among adults with type two diabetes mellitus and comparable prescribed doses: a prescription-based study comparing thirty-day medication costs during a nine-month audit period.
13. Cost-minimization of intravenous-to-oral versus continued intravenous pantoprazole among clinically stable medical inpatients receiving routine acid suppression: a retrospective study comparing treatment costs among patients with equivalent discharge outcomes.
14. Cost-minimization of ceftriaxone brands among adult inpatients receiving identical daily doses for bacterial infections: a pharmacy-register study comparing acquisition cost per completed treatment course during twelve months.
15. Cost-minimization of different available brands of levetiracetam among adults receiving stable maintenance treatment for epilepsy: a cross-sectional prescription and pharmacy-price study comparing monthly therapy costs at equivalent prescribed doses.
16. Cost-minimization of reference insulin glargine and routinely stocked biosimilar insulin glargine among adults with stable diabetes control: a retrospective study comparing six-month medication costs where glycated haemoglobin outcomes are equivalent.
17. Cost-minimization of oral versus injectable vitamin B twelve replacement among adults with documented deficiency and comparable haematological response: a retrospective record-based study comparing total treatment costs over three months.
18. Cost-minimization of once-daily versus twice-daily equivalent total-dose metformin formulations among adults with type two diabetes mellitus: a prescription audit comparing monthly medication costs in patients with comparable glycated haemoglobin control.
19. Cost-minimization of different routinely procured brands of enoxaparin among adult surgical inpatients receiving guideline-concordant thromboprophylaxis: a hospital procurement study comparing cost per completed prophylaxis course during nine months.
20. Cost-minimization of nebulised versus metered-dose inhaler salbutamol administration among clinically stable adults with obstructive airway disease: a retrospective study comparing treatment costs where short-term respiratory outcomes are equivalent.

Cost–utility analysis

21. Cost–utility of amlodipine compared with telmisartan for uncomplicated hypertension in adults: a model-based analysis using hospital costs and published utility weights to estimate cost per quality-adjusted life-year over six months.
22. Cost–utility of metformin plus glimepiride compared with metformin plus sitagliptin among adults with type two diabetes mellitus: a model-based analysis estimating incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year over six months.
23. Cost–utility of budesonide plus formoterol compared with fluticasone plus salmeterol among adults with persistent asthma: a model-based analysis using observed exacerbations and published utility weights over six months.
24. Cost–utility of levetiracetam compared with sodium valproate among adults with generalised epilepsy: a model-based analysis combining routine seizure outcomes, medication costs and published utility weights over six months.
25. Cost–utility of risperidone compared with olanzapine among adults with schizophrenia receiving outpatient treatment: a model-based analysis using routine clinical outcomes and published utility weights over six months.
26. Cost–utility of methotrexate monotherapy compared with methotrexate plus hydroxychloroquine among adults with rheumatoid arthritis: a model-based analysis combining observed disease activity, treatment costs and published utility weights over six months.
27. Cost–utility of nitrofurantoin compared with fosfomycin among women treated for uncomplicated urinary tract infection: a model-based analysis using observed treatment success, hospital costs and published utility weights over one month.
28. Cost–utility of ceftriaxone plus azithromycin compared with amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid among adults hospitalised with community-acquired pneumonia: a model-based analysis estimating cost per quality-adjusted life-year over three months.
29. Cost–utility of oral versus intravenous iron therapy among adults with iron deficiency anaemia treated in routine care: a model-based analysis using haemoglobin response, hospital costs and published utility weights over three months.
30. Cost–utility of atorvastatin compared with rosuvastatin among adults receiving primary cardiovascular prevention: a model-based analysis using lipid response, medication costs and published utility weights over six months.

Drug utilisation research

31. Utilisation of antihypertensive medicines among adults attending a medicine outpatient department: a cross-sectional prescription study using anatomical therapeutic chemical classification with defined daily dose methodology and prescribing patterns over twelve months.
32. Utilisation of antidiabetic medicines among adults with type two diabetes mellitus attending a tertiary teaching hospital: a cross-sectional prescription study measuring drug-class use and prescribed daily doses during nine months.
33. Utilisation of psychotropic medicines among adult psychiatry outpatients with schizophrenia or mood disorders: a cross-sectional prescription study comparing prescribing patterns with current national standard treatment guidance over twelve months.
34. Utilisation of antiepileptic medicines among adults receiving outpatient treatment for epilepsy: a cross-sectional prescription study measuring monotherapy, polytherapy and drug-class distribution against current standard treatment guidance over nine months.
35. Utilisation of gastroprotective medicines among adult medical and surgical inpatients: a prospective prescription study measuring indication, duration and inappropriate proton pump inhibitor exposure against hospital treatment guidance during nine months.
36. Utilisation of analgesic medicines among adult orthopaedic outpatients with musculoskeletal disorders: a cross-sectional prescription study measuring drug classes, combination therapy and essential-medicine use during twelve months.
37. Utilisation of inhaled medicines among adults with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a cross-sectional prescription study comparing drug-class selection with current national treatment guidance during nine months.
38. Utilisation of anticoagulant medicines among adult medical inpatients requiring thromboprophylaxis or therapeutic anticoagulation: a retrospective record-based study assessing drug selection and indication concordance with hospital guidance over twelve months.
39. Utilisation of medicines among adults aged sixty-five years or older admitted to medicine wards: a prospective drug-utilisation study measuring polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate prescribing using validated criteria during nine months.
40. Utilisation of medicines among children admitted to paediatric wards: a prospective prescription study measuring drug-class distribution, essential-medicine use and weight-based dosing concordance with standard treatment guidance during nine months.

Prescription auditing

41. Prescription audit among adults attending general medicine outpatient services: a cross-sectional study assessing completeness, legibility and prescribing indicators against World Health Organization good-prescribing standards during a nine-month collection period.
42. Prescription audit among children attending paediatric outpatient services: a cross-sectional study assessing dose documentation, dosage-form selection and weight-based prescribing against national paediatric treatment guidance during nine months.
43. Prescription audit among pregnant women attending antenatal outpatient services: a cross-sectional study assessing medication indication and pregnancy-safety documentation against current national obstetric treatment guidance during nine months.
44. Prescription audit among adults attending psychiatry outpatient services: a cross-sectional study assessing completeness, generic naming and psychotropic polypharmacy against hospital prescribing policy during a twelve-month collection period.
45. Prescription audit among adults discharged from general surgery wards: a retrospective study assessing analgesic, gastroprotective and antimicrobial prescribing against hospital standard treatment guidance at discharge over twelve months.
46. Prescription audit among adults discharged after acute medical admissions: a retrospective record-based study assessing medication reconciliation, duplication and discharge-instruction completeness against hospital prescribing standards over nine months.
47. Prescription audit among adults attending dermatology outpatient services: a cross-sectional study assessing corticosteroid potency, combination-product use and generic prescribing against current standard treatment guidance during nine months.
48. Prescription audit among adults attending ophthalmology outpatient services: a cross-sectional study assessing generic naming, antimicrobial use and dosage-instruction completeness against hospital prescribing standards during nine months.
49. Prescription audit among adults receiving treatment for hypertension and diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study assessing prescription completeness and guideline-concordant medicine selection against current national treatment recommendations during nine months.
50. Prescription audit among adults admitted to an intensive care unit: a retrospective record-based study assessing antimicrobial, sedative and stress-ulcer prophylaxis prescriptions against hospital protocols during twelve months.

Essential medicines

51. Prescribing from the National List of Essential Medicines among adults attending general medicine outpatient services: a cross-sectional prescription audit measuring essential-medicine percentage and associated prescribing factors during nine months.
52. Prescribing from the National List of Essential Medicines among paediatric outpatients: a cross-sectional prescription audit measuring essential-medicine use by therapeutic class and patient age during nine months.
53. Prescribing from the National List of Essential Medicines among adult surgical inpatients: a retrospective prescription study measuring essential-medicine coverage and non-list medicine expenditure during a twelve-month period.
54. Prescribing from the National List of Essential Medicines among adult psychiatry outpatients: a cross-sectional drug-utilisation study measuring essential psychotropic medicine use and therapeutic-class variation during nine months.
55. Prescribing from the National List of Essential Medicines among pregnant women attending antenatal services: a cross-sectional prescription study measuring essential-medicine use and indication concordance during nine months.
56. Prescribing from the National List of Essential Medicines among adults with type two diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional prescription study comparing essential-medicine use with current national treatment recommendations during nine months.
57. Prescribing from the National List of Essential Medicines among adults with hypertension: a cross-sectional prescription study measuring essential antihypertensive use and treatment-cost differences during a nine-month audit.
58. Prescribing from the National List of Essential Medicines among adults treated for infectious diseases: a retrospective hospital prescription study measuring essential antimicrobial use and expenditure during twelve months.
59. Availability and prescribing of medicines listed in the National List of Essential Medicines among hospital outpatients: a cross-sectional pharmacy-linked study correlating stock availability with prescription fulfilment during nine months.
60. Concordance between hospital formulary medicines and the National List of Essential Medicines: a cross-sectional formulary audit measuring therapeutic-class coverage and procurement expenditure during one financial year.

Generic prescribing

61. Generic prescribing among adults attending general medicine outpatient services: a cross-sectional prescription audit measuring percentage written by generic name against World Health Organization prescribing indicators during nine months.
62. Generic prescribing among paediatric outpatients: a cross-sectional prescription audit measuring generic-name use by therapeutic class and comparing prescribing with hospital generic-medicine policy during nine months.
63. Generic prescribing among adult psychiatry outpatients: a cross-sectional study measuring generic-name use for psychotropic medicines and associated prescription-level factors during a nine-month collection period.
64. Generic prescribing among adults discharged from surgical wards: a retrospective prescription audit comparing generic and brand-name prescribing against hospital discharge-prescribing policy over twelve months.
65. Generic prescribing among pregnant women attending antenatal services: a cross-sectional prescription audit measuring generic-name use and essential-medicine concordance against hospital prescribing standards during nine months.
66. Generic versus brand-name prescribing among adults with hypertension: a comparative cross-sectional study measuring monthly treatment-cost differences and prescription completeness during a nine-month outpatient audit.
67. Generic versus brand-name prescribing among adults with type two diabetes mellitus: a comparative cross-sectional study measuring medication-cost differences and drug availability at the hospital pharmacy during nine months.
68. Knowledge and attitudes regarding generic medicines among resident doctors in a teaching hospital: a cross-sectional questionnaire study comparing scores across clinical departments during a single assessment period.
69. Generic prescribing before and after a structured rational-prescribing teaching session among postgraduate residents: a before-and-after assessment using standardized prescription exercises and measuring generic-name prescribing immediately after teaching.
70. Association between hospital pharmacy availability and generic prescribing among adult outpatients: a cross-sectional prescription and stock-register study measuring generic prescription fulfilment during a nine-month period.

Fixed-dose combinations

71. Prescribing of fixed-dose combinations among adults attending general medicine outpatient services: a cross-sectional prescription audit measuring approved combinations and essential-medicine concordance against current national regulatory and treatment guidance during nine months.
72. Prescribing of antimicrobial fixed-dose combinations among adult outpatients: a cross-sectional study measuring indication appropriateness and regulatory approval status against current national antimicrobial guidance during nine months.
73. Prescribing of antihypertensive fixed-dose combinations among adults with hypertension: a cross-sectional prescription study comparing component selection and dosing with current national treatment recommendations during nine months.
74. Prescribing of antidiabetic fixed-dose combinations among adults with type two diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study assessing component rationality and treatment-cost differences against current national treatment guidance during nine months.
75. Prescribing of analgesic fixed-dose combinations among adult orthopaedic outpatients: a cross-sectional prescription audit measuring rationality, duplicate pharmacological components and essential-medicine concordance during nine months.
76. Prescribing of gastrointestinal fixed-dose combinations among adult outpatients: a cross-sectional prescription study assessing therapeutic rationale and component appropriateness against current standard treatment guidance during nine months.
77. Prescribing of cough and cold fixed-dose combinations among paediatric outpatients: a cross-sectional audit assessing age appropriateness, component duplication and guideline concordance during a nine-month collection period.
78. Prescribing of dermatological fixed-dose combinations containing corticosteroids among dermatology outpatients: a cross-sectional study assessing indication, potency and antimicrobial combinations against current treatment guidance during nine months.
79. Cost comparison of rational and non-rational fixed-dose combinations prescribed to adult outpatients: a cross-sectional pharmacoeconomic study measuring monthly patient expenditure during a nine-month prescription audit.
80. Knowledge and prescribing attitudes regarding fixed-dose combinations among resident doctors: a cross-sectional questionnaire study comparing rationality scores with current national regulatory guidance during a single assessment period.

Antibiotic prescribing practices

81. Antibiotic prescribing among adults admitted to general medicine wards: a prospective prescription audit measuring indication, spectrum and duration concordance with hospital antimicrobial guidelines during nine months.
82. Antibiotic prescribing among children admitted to paediatric wards: a prospective prescription study measuring weight-based dose accuracy and guideline concordance with hospital antimicrobial policy during nine months.
83. Empirical antibiotic prescribing among adults with community-acquired pneumonia: a prospective observational study measuring guideline concordance and treatment modification after microbiology results within seven days.
84. Antibiotic prescribing among adults with uncomplicated urinary tract infection: a cross-sectional prescription study assessing drug choice and duration against current national antimicrobial treatment guidance during nine months.
85. Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis among adults undergoing clean or clean-contaminated procedures: a prospective prescription audit measuring agent, timing and duration concordance with hospital prophylaxis guidelines during nine months.
86. Antibiotic prescribing among adults admitted to an intensive care unit: a retrospective record-based study measuring broad-spectrum exposure, de-escalation and guideline concordance during the first seven treatment days.
87. Antibiotic prescribing among adult emergency-department patients with acute respiratory infections: a cross-sectional prescription audit measuring indication appropriateness against current national antimicrobial guidance during nine months.
88. Reserve-antibiotic prescribing among adult inpatients: a prospective drug-utilisation study measuring indication, microbiology support and authorization concordance with hospital antimicrobial stewardship policy during nine months.
89. Antibiotic prescribing at hospital discharge among adults treated for bacterial infections: a retrospective study measuring oral antibiotic choice and planned duration against hospital antimicrobial guidance over twelve months.
90. Knowledge and attitudes regarding antimicrobial prescribing among postgraduate residents: a cross-sectional questionnaire study comparing stewardship knowledge scores across clinical specialties during a single assessment period.

Rational drug-use indicators

91. World Health Organization prescribing indicators among adults attending general medicine outpatient services: a cross-sectional prescription study measuring medicines per encounter, generic prescribing, antimicrobial use and essential-medicine prescribing during nine months.
92. World Health Organization prescribing indicators among paediatric outpatients: a cross-sectional prescription study comparing indicator values with recommended prescribing standards during a nine-month collection period.
93. World Health Organization prescribing indicators among obstetric outpatients: a cross-sectional prescription study measuring polypharmacy, generic prescribing, antimicrobial exposure and essential-medicine use during nine months.
94. World Health Organization prescribing indicators among adult psychiatry outpatients: a cross-sectional prescription study measuring medicines per encounter, generic prescribing and essential-medicine use during nine months.
95. World Health Organization patient-care indicators among adults attending a teaching-hospital pharmacy: a cross-sectional study measuring consultation time, dispensing time, medicine availability and patient knowledge during nine months.
96. World Health Organization facility indicators in a tertiary teaching hospital: a cross-sectional assessment measuring essential-medicine availability and access to prescribing information against recommended standards during one assessment cycle.
97. Rational drug-use indicators among adults with hypertension attending outpatient care: a cross-sectional prescription study comparing generic, essential-medicine and combination prescribing with current national treatment guidance during nine months.
98. Rational drug-use indicators among adults with type two diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional prescription study measuring polypharmacy, generic prescribing and essential-medicine use against national treatment guidance during nine months.
99. Rational prescribing scores before and after a single structured teaching session among postgraduate residents: a before-and-after study using standardized prescribing exercises and measuring score change immediately after teaching.
100. Inter-observer agreement for rationality assessment of outpatient prescriptions by two trained pharmacologists: a cross-sectional agreement study using explicit standard treatment criteria and measuring kappa during a nine-month audit.

Newer Drugs, Pharmacogenomics and Emerging Pharmacology Thesis Topics

Pharmacogenetics

101. Knowledge of pharmacogenetic prescribing principles among postgraduate residents in medicine and psychiatry: a cross-sectional questionnaire study using a structured instrument referenced to current pharmacogenetic prescribing guidelines and measuring scores during one sitting.
102. Awareness of pharmacogenetic influences on clopidogrel response among cardiology prescribers: a cross-sectional questionnaire study comparing knowledge with current pharmacogenetic prescribing guidance and measuring correct-response scores during one assessment.
103. Knowledge of pharmacogenetic factors affecting warfarin therapy among resident doctors: a cross-sectional questionnaire study comparing responses with current pharmacogenetic dosing guidance and measuring knowledge scores during one sitting.
104. Awareness of pharmacogenetic considerations for carbamazepine-associated severe cutaneous reactions among neurology and medicine prescribers: a cross-sectional questionnaire study referenced to current prescribing guidance and assessed during one sitting.
105. Knowledge of pharmacogenetic guidance for allopurinol-associated severe cutaneous reactions among medicine prescribers: a cross-sectional questionnaire study comparing responses with current pharmacogenetic recommendations and measuring knowledge scores during one assessment.
106. Knowledge of pharmacogenetic considerations in antidepressant prescribing among psychiatry residents: a cross-sectional questionnaire study referenced to current pharmacogenetic guidelines and measuring drug-specific knowledge scores during a single assessment.
107. Knowledge of pharmacogenetic influences on thiopurine toxicity among paediatric and medicine prescribers: a cross-sectional questionnaire study comparing responses with current pharmacogenetic prescribing recommendations during one sitting.
108. Documentation of clinically available pharmacogenetic information among patients receiving drugs with pharmacogenetic recommendations: a retrospective record-based study comparing documentation with current guidance and measuring prescribing concordance over twelve months.
109. Attitudes toward pharmacogenetic testing among postgraduate medical residents: a cross-sectional questionnaire study comparing perceived utility and implementation barriers across specialties with current guideline-supported indications during one assessment period.

Pharmacogenomics

110. Knowledge of pharmacogenomic applications in oncology among postgraduate residents: a cross-sectional questionnaire study using a structured instrument referenced to current precision-oncology guidelines and measuring knowledge scores during one sitting.
111. Documentation of tumour genomic results among adults receiving targeted anticancer therapy: a retrospective record-based study comparing treatment selection with current biomarker-directed oncology guidelines and measuring concordance at treatment initiation.
112. Utilisation of routinely available tumour biomarker testing among adults with breast cancer receiving systemic therapy: a retrospective study comparing documented testing with current oncology recommendations during twelve months.
113. Utilisation of routinely available molecular markers among adults with lung cancer receiving systemic therapy: a retrospective record-based study comparing treatment selection with current biomarker-directed guidelines during twelve months.
114. Knowledge of pharmacogenomic influences on anticancer drug selection among oncology prescribers: a cross-sectional questionnaire study comparing responses with current biomarker-based treatment guidance and measuring scores during one assessment.
115. Knowledge of pharmacogenomic terminology and clinical interpretation among postgraduate pharmacology residents: a cross-sectional questionnaire study referenced to current consensus guidance and measuring domain-specific knowledge scores during one sitting.
116. Completeness of pharmacogenomic information in oncology case records containing clinically ordered biomarker reports: a retrospective audit comparing documentation with current oncology guidance over a twelve-month period.
117. Concordance between biomarker reports and prescribed targeted therapy among adults with solid tumours: a retrospective record-based study comparing treatment selection with current pharmacogenomic guidelines at therapy initiation.
118. Perceived barriers to pharmacogenomic implementation among clinicians in a tertiary teaching hospital: a cross-sectional questionnaire study comparing barrier scores across specialties during a single assessment period.

Precision medicine

119. Knowledge of precision-medicine principles among postgraduate residents across clinical specialties: a cross-sectional questionnaire study using a structured instrument referenced to current consensus recommendations and measuring knowledge scores during one sitting.
120. Biomarker-guided treatment selection among adults with breast cancer: a retrospective record-based study comparing prescribed systemic therapy with current precision-oncology recommendations and measuring concordance at treatment initiation.
121. Biomarker-guided treatment selection among adults with lung cancer: a retrospective record-based study comparing prescribed targeted therapies with current precision-oncology recommendations and measuring concordance during twelve months.
122. Individualisation of anticoagulant prescribing among adults with atrial fibrillation: a cross-sectional prescription study comparing drug selection and dose adjustment with current risk-based treatment guidelines during nine months.
123. Individualisation of antidiabetic therapy among adults with type two diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease: a cross-sectional prescription study comparing drug selection with current kidney-function-based treatment recommendations during nine months.
124. Individualisation of antimicrobial dosing among adult inpatients with impaired renal function: a prospective prescription audit comparing prescribed doses with current renal-dose recommendations during the first seventy-two hours of therapy.
125. Individualisation of antiepileptic therapy among women of reproductive age with epilepsy: a cross-sectional prescription study comparing medicine selection with current reproductive-safety recommendations during nine months.
126. Individualisation of psychotropic prescribing among adults aged sixty-five years or older: a cross-sectional prescription study comparing medicine selection with validated potentially inappropriate medication criteria during nine months.
127. Attitudes toward precision medicine among clinicians in a tertiary teaching hospital: a cross-sectional questionnaire study comparing perceived usefulness, confidence and implementation barriers across specialties during one assessment period.

Biologics

128. Utilisation of biological medicines among adults receiving treatment for rheumatoid arthritis: a retrospective record-based study comparing indications and treatment sequencing with current rheumatology guidelines during twelve months.
129. Safety of biological medicines among adults with inflammatory arthritis: a prospective observational pharmacovigilance study assessing adverse drug reactions using the World Health Organization Uppsala Monitoring Centre causality assessment system over six months.
130. Utilisation of biological medicines among adults with psoriasis receiving dermatology care: a retrospective study comparing treatment selection and documented eligibility with current dermatology guidelines during twelve months.
131. Utilisation of biological medicines among adults with inflammatory bowel disease: a retrospective record-based study comparing biological therapy selection and treatment sequencing with current gastroenterology recommendations during twelve months.
132. Safety of biological medicines among adults treated for autoimmune disorders: a prospective observational study assessing adverse drug reaction severity with the Hartwig severity assessment scale during six months of routine care.
133. Cost of biological therapy among adults with rheumatoid arthritis: a retrospective pharmacoeconomic study comparing routinely used biological agents by six-month direct medication expenditure and documented clinical response.
134. Adherence to screening recommendations before biological therapy among adults with autoimmune diseases: a retrospective record audit comparing documented pretreatment evaluation with current specialty guidelines during twelve months.
135. Knowledge regarding biological medicines among postgraduate residents: a cross-sectional questionnaire study comparing mechanism, safety and monitoring knowledge with current prescribing recommendations during a single assessment.
136. Completeness of adverse drug reaction reporting for biological medicines among treated patients: a retrospective pharmacovigilance audit comparing monitoring-centre records with the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India reporting form during twelve months.

Monoclonal antibodies

137. Utilisation of trastuzumab among adults with human epidermal growth factor receptor two positive breast cancer: a retrospective record-based study comparing indications and treatment schedules with current oncology guidelines during twelve months.
138. Safety of trastuzumab among adults treated for breast cancer: a prospective observational pharmacovigilance study assessing adverse drug reactions and routinely measured cardiac function during six months of therapy.
139. Utilisation of rituximab among adults with autoimmune diseases: a retrospective record-based study comparing indications, dosing schedules and retreatment patterns with current specialty guidelines during twelve months.
140. Safety of rituximab among adult recipients in routine hospital care: a prospective observational study assessing infusion-related adverse drug reactions using standardized causality and severity scales during six months.
141. Utilisation of bevacizumab among adults receiving oncology care: a retrospective prescription study comparing documented indications and dosing schedules with current evidence-based oncology recommendations during twelve months.
142. Utilisation of omalizumab among adults with severe allergic asthma: a retrospective record-based study comparing eligibility and dosing with current asthma treatment recommendations during twelve months.
143. Knowledge of monoclonal antibody pharmacology among postgraduate residents: a cross-sectional questionnaire study comparing mechanism, indication and safety knowledge with current prescribing information during one assessment.
144. Completeness of pharmacovigilance documentation for monoclonal antibodies among treated patients: a retrospective audit comparing hospital records with the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India adverse drug reaction reporting form over twelve months.

Targeted therapies

145. Utilisation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors among adults with chronic myeloid leukaemia: a retrospective record-based study comparing drug selection and dosing with current oncology guidelines during twelve months.
146. Utilisation of epidermal growth factor receptor targeted therapies among adults with biomarker-confirmed lung cancer: a retrospective study comparing treatment selection with current precision-oncology recommendations during twelve months.
147. Safety of imatinib among adults treated for chronic myeloid leukaemia: a prospective observational pharmacovigilance study assessing adverse drug reactions with standardized causality and severity scales over six months.
148. Utilisation of targeted oral anticancer medicines among adults attending oncology services: a retrospective prescription study measuring indication concordance and dose modification against current oncology guidance during twelve months.
149. Adherence to monitoring recommendations among adults receiving oral targeted anticancer therapies: a retrospective record audit comparing documented clinical and laboratory monitoring with current prescribing guidance during six months.
150. Drug interaction burden among adults receiving oral targeted anticancer therapies: a cross-sectional medication-review study comparing identified interactions with a standard interaction reference and measuring clinically significant interactions at one visit.
151. Knowledge of targeted anticancer therapy among postgraduate residents: a cross-sectional questionnaire study comparing mechanism, biomarker and toxicity knowledge with current oncology recommendations during one assessment period.
152. Cost variation among routinely prescribed oral targeted anticancer medicines: a cross-sectional pharmacoeconomic study comparing hospital procurement and published retail prices for equivalent doses during one assessment period.

Biosimilars

153. Utilisation of biosimilar insulin glargine among adults with diabetes mellitus: a retrospective record-based study comparing prescribing patterns with reference insulin glargine and glycated haemoglobin outcomes over six months.
154. Comparative safety of biosimilar and reference insulin glargine among adults with diabetes mellitus: a retrospective cohort study measuring documented hypoglycaemic events during six months of routine treatment.
155. Utilisation of biosimilar trastuzumab among adults with human epidermal growth factor receptor two positive breast cancer: a retrospective study comparing treatment schedules with reference trastuzumab during twelve months.
156. Comparative adverse drug reactions with biosimilar and reference trastuzumab among adults receiving breast cancer treatment: a retrospective pharmacovigilance study measuring reaction type and severity during six months.
157. Utilisation of biosimilar rituximab among adults with autoimmune or haematological disorders: a retrospective record-based study comparing indications and dosing schedules with reference rituximab over twelve months.
158. Knowledge and attitudes regarding biosimilars among prescribers in a teaching hospital: a cross-sectional questionnaire study comparing understanding of interchangeability and pharmacovigilance with current regulatory guidance during one assessment.
159. Cost-minimization of routinely procured biosimilar versus reference biological medicines among patients with equivalent treatment indications: a pharmacy-linked study comparing acquisition cost per treatment course during twelve months.
160. Completeness of brand-name documentation for biological medicines among patients receiving biosimilars: a retrospective pharmacovigilance audit comparing case records with current traceability recommendations over twelve months.

Drug repurposing

161. Utilisation of metformin for polycystic ovary syndrome among women attending gynaecology services: a retrospective prescription study comparing indications and dosing with current treatment guidance during twelve months.
162. Utilisation of propranolol for migraine prophylaxis among adult neurology outpatients: a cross-sectional prescription study comparing dosing and contraindication screening with current headache-treatment guidelines during nine months.
163. Utilisation of amitriptyline for neuropathic pain among adult outpatients: a cross-sectional prescription study comparing indication, dose and duration with current neuropathic-pain treatment guidance during nine months.
164. Utilisation of gabapentin for non-epileptic indications among adult outpatients: a cross-sectional prescription study comparing documented indications and dosing with current evidence-based treatment recommendations during nine months.
165. Utilisation of spironolactone for dermatological indications among women attending dermatology services: a retrospective prescription study comparing indication and monitoring documentation with current dermatology guidance during twelve months.
166. Off-label repurposed medicine use among adult inpatients: a retrospective record-based study comparing documented indications with current evidence-based references and measuring prevalence over twelve months.
167. Knowledge of drug repurposing principles among postgraduate residents: a cross-sectional questionnaire study comparing evidence appraisal and safety knowledge with current pharmacological guidance during one assessment period.
168. Adverse drug reactions associated with repurposed medicines among hospital patients: a retrospective pharmacovigilance study assessing causality with the World Health Organization Uppsala Monitoring Centre system over twelve months.

Nanopharmacology and drug delivery

169. Utilisation of liposomal amphotericin B among adults treated for invasive fungal infections: a retrospective record-based study comparing indications and dosing with current infectious-disease guidelines during twelve months.
170. Safety of liposomal amphotericin B among adult recipients: a prospective observational pharmacovigilance study assessing infusion reactions and routinely monitored renal adverse effects during the first fourteen treatment days.
171. Utilisation of nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel among adults receiving cancer chemotherapy: a retrospective study comparing indications and dosing schedules with current oncology recommendations during twelve months.
172. Safety of nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel among adults receiving routine oncology care: a retrospective pharmacovigilance study assessing documented adverse drug reactions and severity during six months.
173. Utilisation of liposomal doxorubicin among adults receiving oncology care: a retrospective record-based study comparing indications, cumulative dosing and monitoring documentation with current oncology guidance during twelve months.
174. Cost comparison of liposomal amphotericin B and conventional amphotericin B among adults treated for invasive fungal infections: a retrospective pharmacoeconomic study measuring direct treatment costs through hospital discharge.
175. Knowledge of nanopharmacology and nanoformulated medicines among postgraduate residents: a cross-sectional questionnaire study comparing formulation, indication and safety knowledge with current prescribing information during one assessment.
176. Adverse drug reaction reporting for nanoformulated medicines among hospital patients: a retrospective pharmacovigilance audit comparing reporting completeness with the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India form during twelve months.

Artificial intelligence in pharmacology

177. Accuracy of generative artificial intelligence recommendations for anonymised hospital prescriptions containing common prescribing errors: a diagnostic accuracy study using consensus assessment by two pharmacologists as reference standard during one evaluation cycle.
178. Accuracy of generative artificial intelligence in identifying clinically important drug interactions from anonymised adult outpatient prescriptions: a cross-sectional validation study against a standard drug-interaction reference during one assessment period.
179. Accuracy of generative artificial intelligence in assessing renal dose adjustment from anonymised inpatient prescriptions: a validation study comparing recommendations with current renal-dosing guidance during one evaluation cycle.
180. Accuracy of generative artificial intelligence in identifying potentially inappropriate medicines in anonymised older-adult prescriptions: a validation study comparing classifications with validated prescribing criteria during one assessment period.
181. Agreement between generative artificial intelligence and two pharmacologists for causality assessment of anonymised adverse drug reaction reports: a cross-sectional agreement study using the World Health Organization Uppsala Monitoring Centre system.
182. Accuracy of generative artificial intelligence in evaluating antimicrobial prescriptions from anonymised hospital records: a cross-sectional validation study comparing appropriateness classifications with hospital antimicrobial guidelines during one assessment cycle.
183. Knowledge and attitudes regarding artificial intelligence in prescribing among postgraduate residents: a cross-sectional questionnaire study comparing perceived usefulness, limitations and safety concerns across specialties during one assessment.
184. Agreement between generative artificial intelligence and trained pharmacologists for detecting prescription errors in anonymised outpatient prescriptions: a cross-sectional study measuring sensitivity, specificity and kappa during one evaluation cycle.

Digital therapeutics

185. Awareness of digital therapeutics among postgraduate residents in medicine and psychiatry: a cross-sectional questionnaire study comparing knowledge of indications, evidence and regulation with current consensus guidance during one assessment.
186. Attitudes toward digital therapeutics among clinicians in a tertiary teaching hospital: a cross-sectional questionnaire study comparing perceived usefulness, safety and implementation barriers across specialties during one sitting.
187. Awareness and use of evidence-based digital therapeutic applications among adults with type two diabetes mellitus attending outpatient care: a cross-sectional patient survey measuring usage and medication adherence at one visit.
188. Use of digital therapeutic applications among adults receiving treatment for hypertension: a cross-sectional patient survey comparing application users and non-users for self-reported medication adherence during one outpatient visit.
189. Use of digital mental-health therapeutics among adults receiving psychiatric outpatient care: a cross-sectional survey comparing users and non-users for treatment adherence and perceived usefulness during one visit.
190. Prescriber acceptance of digital therapeutics for chronic disease management: a cross-sectional questionnaire study comparing acceptance scores with predefined evidence and regulatory criteria during one assessment period.
191. Quality of digital therapeutic recommendations documented in outpatient records for adults with chronic diseases: a retrospective record audit comparing documentation with current evidence-based digital-health guidance over twelve months.
192. Medication-adherence association with digital reminder therapeutics among adults receiving long-term pharmacotherapy: a comparative cross-sectional study measuring validated adherence scores in routine users and non-users during one outpatient visit.

Novel drug-delivery systems

193. Utilisation of long-acting injectable antipsychotics among adults with schizophrenia: a retrospective record-based study comparing indications and dosing intervals with current psychiatric treatment guidelines during twelve months.
194. Adherence among adults with schizophrenia receiving long-acting injectable versus oral antipsychotic therapy: a retrospective comparative study measuring documented treatment continuation over six months of routine care.
195. Utilisation of transdermal nicotine replacement therapy among adults enrolled in hospital tobacco-cessation services: a retrospective prescription study comparing dosing and duration with current cessation guidelines over six months.
196. Utilisation of transdermal fentanyl among adults receiving palliative care: a retrospective prescription audit comparing indication, dose conversion and breakthrough analgesia with current pain-management guidance during twelve months.
197. Utilisation of sustained-release versus immediate-release metformin among adults with type two diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional prescription study comparing dosing frequency and gastrointestinal adverse-effect documentation during nine months.
198. Utilisation of dry-powder and metered-dose inhaler drug-delivery systems among adults with asthma: a cross-sectional study comparing device selection with current asthma-treatment guidance during nine months.
199. Medication adherence among adults using once-daily modified-release versus multiple-daily-dose oral formulations for chronic disease: a comparative cross-sectional study measuring validated adherence scores during one outpatient visit.
200. Knowledge of novel drug-delivery systems among postgraduate residents: a cross-sectional questionnaire study comparing formulation, administration and safety knowledge with current prescribing information during one assessment period.