Pharmacokinetics

1. Association between routinely estimated creatinine clearance and prescribed maintenance doses of vancomycin among adult inpatients receiving intravenous vancomycin compared with institutional renal dosing guidance: a prospective observational study of dose appropriateness during hospitalisation.
2. Relationship between renal function and prescribed dosing intervals of meropenem among adults with impaired kidney function compared with institutional antimicrobial dosing recommendations: a cross-sectional prescription audit of dosing conformity at treatment initiation.
3. Association of serum albumin concentration with routinely measured total phenytoin concentration among hospitalised adults receiving stable phenytoin therapy, using corrected phenytoin concentration as reference: a prospective observational correlation study during admission.
4. Relationship between body weight and prescribed enoxaparin dose among hospitalised adults receiving therapeutic anticoagulation compared with weight-based hospital guidance: a cross-sectional drug utilisation study assessing dose appropriateness at prescription review.
5. Association between estimated kidney function and prescribed digoxin maintenance dose among elderly inpatients receiving digoxin compared with standard renal dosing recommendations: a retrospective record-based study of dose appropriateness at discharge.
6. Relationship between age, kidney function and prescribed aminoglycoside dosing intervals among hospitalised adults receiving gentamicin or amikacin compared with institutional dosing guidance: a retrospective record-based pharmacokinetic audit during treatment.
7. Association between routinely measured serum creatinine and metformin dose among adults with type two diabetes mellitus compared with recommended renal dosing thresholds: a cross-sectional prescription audit assessing dose conformity at outpatient visits.
8. Relationship between body mass index and prescribed prophylactic enoxaparin dose among obese adult inpatients compared with hospital thromboprophylaxis guidance: a prospective observational study of dose selection within twenty-four hours of admission.
9. Association between hepatic biochemical abnormalities and prescribed maintenance doses of commonly used hepatically metabolized medicines among adult inpatients compared with standard prescribing guidance: a cross-sectional study of dose appropriateness during hospitalisation.
10. Agreement between Cockcroft and Gault estimated creatinine clearance and Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration estimated glomerular filtration rate for renal dose adjustment decisions among adult inpatients: a prospective observational agreement study at prescription review.

Pharmacodynamics

11. Association between prescribed antihypertensive drug class and change in routinely recorded blood pressure among adults with uncomplicated hypertension compared with baseline values: a prospective observational pharmacodynamic study over three months.
12. Relationship between prescribed metoprolol dose and resting heart rate among adults treated for hypertension or ischaemic heart disease compared with pretreatment heart rate: a prospective observational dose-effect correlation study over three months.
13. Association between inhaled salbutamol use and routinely recorded peak expiratory flow improvement among adults with acute asthma compared with pre-treatment measurements: a prospective observational pharmacodynamic study within sixty minutes of administration.
14. Relationship between prescribed furosemide dose and change in body weight among adults admitted with acute decompensated heart failure compared with admission weight: a prospective observational study during the first five treatment days.
15. Association between insulin dose and change in capillary blood glucose among hospitalised adults with diabetes mellitus compared with pre-dose glucose values: a prospective observational pharmacodynamic correlation study during the first seventy-two hours.
16. Relationship between prescribed levothyroxine dose and routinely measured thyroid stimulating hormone concentration among adults with primary hypothyroidism compared with laboratory reference ranges: a retrospective record-based pharmacodynamic study at three-month follow-up.
17. Association between prescribed oral iron dose and haemoglobin improvement among adults with iron deficiency anaemia compared with baseline haemoglobin: a prospective observational pharmacodynamic study using routinely ordered investigations at three months.
18. Relationship between prescribed spironolactone dose and change in serum potassium among adults with heart failure compared with pretreatment potassium concentration: a prospective observational correlation study within seven days of treatment initiation.
19. Association between prescribed corticosteroid dose and capillary blood glucose elevation among hospitalised adults without pre-existing diabetes mellitus compared with baseline glucose: a prospective observational pharmacodynamic study during the first five treatment days.
20. Relationship between antipsychotic dose and change in Clinical Global Impression Severity Scale scores among adults with schizophrenia receiving routine care compared with baseline scores: a prospective observational pharmacodynamic study at three months.

Dose–response relationships

21. Association between prescribed amlodipine daily dose and reduction in clinic blood pressure among adults with hypertension compared with pretreatment values: a prospective observational dose-response study over three months of routine therapy.
22. Relationship between prescribed metformin daily dose and change in glycated haemoglobin among adults with type two diabetes mellitus compared with baseline values: a retrospective record-based dose-response study at three months.
23. Association between prescribed atorvastatin daily dose and percentage reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol among adults with dyslipidaemia compared with baseline concentration: a retrospective record-based dose-response study at three months.
24. Relationship between prescribed levothyroxine dose per kilogram body weight and thyroid stimulating hormone normalization among adults with primary hypothyroidism compared with laboratory reference values: a retrospective dose-response study at three months.
25. Association between prescribed furosemide dose and net change in body weight among adults hospitalised with heart failure compared with admission weight: a prospective observational dose-response study during five treatment days.
26. Relationship between prescribed oral prednisolone dose and change in capillary blood glucose among adults receiving corticosteroids compared with pretreatment glucose values: a prospective observational dose-response study during seven days.
27. Association between prescribed insulin dose per kilogram body weight and frequency of hypoglycaemia among hospitalised adults with diabetes mellitus compared across routine dose categories: a prospective observational dose-response study during admission.
28. Relationship between prescribed gabapentin daily dose and change in Numeric Rating Scale pain scores among adults with neuropathic pain compared with baseline scores: a prospective observational dose-response study at three months.
29. Association between prescribed propranolol dose and reduction in resting heart rate among adults treated for thyrotoxicosis compared with pretreatment heart rate: a prospective observational dose-response correlation study during seven days.
30. Relationship between prescribed oral iron elemental dose and haemoglobin increment among adults with iron deficiency anaemia compared across routinely prescribed dose categories: a prospective observational dose-response study at three months.

Drug receptors and signal transduction

31. Association between concomitant beta adrenergic receptor blocker therapy and bronchodilator response to inhaled salbutamol among adults with obstructive airway disease compared with patients not receiving beta blockers: a prospective observational study within sixty minutes.
32. Relationship between chronic beta adrenergic receptor blocker use and resting heart rate among adults with heart failure compared with non-users receiving otherwise similar routine therapy: a comparative cross-sectional pharmacodynamic study at outpatient assessment.
33. Association between concurrent angiotensin receptor blocker therapy and serum potassium elevation among adults with chronic kidney disease compared with patients receiving calcium channel blockers: a prospective observational receptor-mediated safety study within fourteen days.
34. Relationship between concurrent opioid and benzodiazepine receptor agonist exposure and sedation scores among hospitalised adults compared with opioid exposure alone: a prospective observational pharmacodynamic study during the first forty-eight hours.
35. Association between dopamine receptor antagonist exposure and extrapyramidal symptoms among adults receiving antipsychotic medicines compared across prescribed chlorpromazine-equivalent dose categories: a cross-sectional pharmacodynamic study using the Simpson Angus Scale.
36. Relationship between muscarinic receptor antagonist burden and anticholinergic symptoms among elderly inpatients compared across Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden Scale categories: a cross-sectional observational pharmacodynamic study within forty-eight hours of admission.
37. Association between serotonin receptor and transporter active antidepressant polypharmacy and serotonin toxicity symptoms among psychiatric inpatients compared with antidepressant monotherapy: a prospective observational safety study during hospitalisation.
38. Relationship between histamine receptor blocking medicine burden and daytime sedation among hospitalised adults compared across Drug Burden Index exposure categories: a cross-sectional pharmacodynamic correlation study at medication reconciliation.
39. Association between renin angiotensin aldosterone system blocking medicine combinations and hyperkalaemia among adult medical inpatients compared with single-agent blockade: a retrospective record-based receptor-pathway safety study during hospitalisation.
40. Relationship between glucocorticoid receptor agonist exposure expressed as prednisolone-equivalent dose and capillary blood glucose among hospitalised adults compared across routine exposure categories: a prospective observational pharmacodynamic study over seven days.

Drug interactions

41. Prevalence and clinical relevance of potential drug interactions among adult medicine inpatients receiving five or more medicines, assessed using a standard drug interaction database against documented clinical consequences: a prospective observational study during hospitalisation.
42. Association between concurrent warfarin and antimicrobial exposure and international normalized ratio elevation among anticoagulated adults compared with warfarin use without interacting antimicrobials: a retrospective record-based interaction study within seven days.
43. Association between concurrent angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor and spironolactone use and hyperkalaemia among adults with heart failure compared with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor use alone: a retrospective comparative study during admission.
44. Relationship between concomitant clarithromycin and statin exposure and documented muscle symptoms among adult inpatients compared with statin use without clarithromycin: a retrospective record-based drug interaction study during hospitalisation.
45. Association between concurrent selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and gastrointestinal bleeding among adult inpatients compared with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use alone: a retrospective case-control study.
46. Association between proton pump inhibitor co-prescription and clopidogrel use among adults after acute coronary syndrome compared with institutional prescribing guidance: a cross-sectional interaction-focused prescription audit at hospital discharge.
47. Prevalence of clinically important pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions among elderly inpatients receiving polypharmacy compared with a recognized drug interaction reference: a prospective observational study at admission and discharge.
48. Association between concurrent rifampicin and oral hypoglycaemic medicine exposure and glycaemic control among adults receiving antitubercular treatment compared with patients not receiving rifampicin: a retrospective record-based interaction study at three months.
49. Association between concomitant phenytoin and corticosteroid exposure and documented therapeutic response among hospitalised adults compared with corticosteroid treatment without phenytoin: a retrospective observational interaction study during hospitalisation.
50. Prevalence and severity of potential drug interactions among adults admitted to intensive care receiving five or more medicines, classified using a standard interaction database: a prospective observational study within twenty-four hours of admission.

Therapeutic index and safety

51. Association between routinely measured phenytoin concentration and neurological toxicity among adults receiving phenytoin compared with the laboratory therapeutic concentration range: a prospective observational safety correlation study during hospitalisation.
52. Association between digoxin dose, kidney function and documented toxicity manifestations among elderly inpatients receiving digoxin compared with recommended renal dosing guidance: a retrospective record-based therapeutic safety study during admission.
53. Relationship between warfarin dose and supratherapeutic international normalized ratio among adults receiving chronic anticoagulation compared across routine weekly dose categories: a retrospective record-based safety study over three months.
54. Association between aminoglycoside cumulative exposure and change in serum creatinine among hospitalised adults receiving amikacin or gentamicin compared with baseline kidney function: a prospective observational safety study through treatment completion.
55. Association between lithium treatment and routinely measured thyroid and kidney function abnormalities among psychiatric outpatients compared with pretreatment laboratory values: a retrospective record-based safety study at six months.
56. Relationship between insulin treatment intensity and documented hypoglycaemia among hospitalised adults with diabetes mellitus compared across routine insulin dose categories: a prospective observational therapeutic safety study during admission.
57. Association between methotrexate dose and routinely documented hepatic biochemical abnormalities among adults receiving treatment for rheumatoid arthritis compared with baseline values: a retrospective record-based therapeutic safety study at three months.
58. Association between valproate dose and routinely documented hepatic enzyme elevation among adults receiving valproate compared with pretreatment laboratory values: a retrospective record-based safety correlation study within three months.
59. Relationship between anticoagulant exposure and clinically documented bleeding among hospitalised adults compared across prophylactic and therapeutic dosing categories: a prospective observational therapeutic safety study during hospitalisation.
60. Association between vancomycin dose adjustment according to kidney function and nephrotoxicity among hospitalised adults compared with institutional dosing guidance: a retrospective record-based therapeutic safety audit during treatment.

Preclinical pharmacology

61. Concordance between adverse effects documented in archived preclinical safety records for commonly used medicines and adverse reactions reported by the hospital monitoring centre: a retrospective record-based translational agreement study over one year.
62. Relationship between dose ranges recorded in archived preclinical pharmacology experiments and recommended human therapeutic dose ranges for selected medicines: a retrospective methodological study using approved product information as reference.
63. Agreement between archived preclinical toxicity findings and organ systems represented in hospital adverse drug reaction reports for antiepileptic medicines: a retrospective translational pharmacology study using one year of existing records.
64. Concordance between archived preclinical cardiovascular safety findings and routinely documented cardiovascular adverse reactions to antipsychotic medicines among hospital patients: a retrospective record-based translational study over one year.
65. Agreement between archived preclinical hepatic safety observations and routinely documented liver-related adverse reactions to antitubercular medicines among treated adults: a retrospective record-based translational pharmacology study over one year.
66. Relationship between preclinical dose selection documented in completed departmental experiments and stated study objectives compared with accepted pharmacology teaching standards: a retrospective methodological audit of archived experimental records.
67. Completeness of dose justification, comparator selection and outcome reporting in archived departmental preclinical pharmacology experiments compared with institutional research standards: a retrospective record-based methodological audit of completed studies.
68. Concordance between archived preclinical renal toxicity findings and kidney-related adverse reactions documented among hospitalised patients receiving selected antimicrobials: a retrospective translational pharmacology study using existing records over one year.
69. Agreement between preclinical central nervous system safety findings in archived records and neurological adverse reactions reported for antiepileptic medicines at the hospital: a retrospective record-based translational study over one year.
70. Completeness of randomization, control selection, dose justification and outcome documentation in archived preclinical pharmacology records compared with institutional experimental standards: a retrospective methodological audit of previously completed studies.

Experimental animal models

71. Completeness of species, sex, weight, dose and outcome documentation in archived rodent analgesic model records compared with institutional experimental pharmacology standards: a retrospective methodological audit of previously completed departmental experiments.
72. Agreement between outcomes recorded using hot plate and tail flick analgesic models in archived experiments evaluating standard analgesic medicines: a retrospective paired-method comparison of previously completed experimental records.
73. Agreement between carrageenan-induced paw oedema and alternative archived inflammation model outcomes for standard anti-inflammatory medicines: a retrospective record-based methodological comparison of previously completed departmental experiments.
74. Relationship between animal body weight and administered dose variation in archived rodent experiments evaluating standard pharmacological agents compared with protocol-specified dosing: a retrospective methodological audit of completed records.
75. Completeness of control group selection and outcome measurement in archived experimental animal models of anticonvulsant activity compared with institutional teaching protocols: a retrospective record-based methodological study.
76. Agreement between archived behavioural endpoints and stated pharmacological conclusions in experimental animal models of central nervous system depressant activity compared with departmental interpretation criteria: a retrospective methodological audit.
77. Reproducibility of blood glucose changes across archived experimental animal models evaluating standard antidiabetic medicines compared with protocol-defined expected responses: a retrospective record-based correlation study of completed experiments.
78. Relationship between sample size and variability of measured outcomes in archived experimental animal pharmacology records compared across commonly used teaching models: a retrospective methodological study of completed experiments.
79. Completeness of humane endpoint, observation timing and adverse event documentation in archived experimental animal studies compared with Institutional Animal Ethics Committee approved protocol requirements: a retrospective record-based audit.
80. Concordance between pharmacological effects documented in archived animal models and recognized clinical effects of the same medicines among hospital patients: a retrospective translational comparison using existing experimental and clinical records.

In-vitro pharmacological models

81. Agreement between archived organ bath concentration-response parameters and expected reference responses for acetylcholine in isolated tissue experiments: a retrospective methodological study of completed departmental practical records over three academic years.
82. Agreement between archived concentration-response parameters for histamine and reference laboratory ranges in isolated tissue experiments: a retrospective record-based pharmacodynamic comparison of completed departmental experiments over three academic years.
83. Reproducibility of maximum response and half maximal effective concentration estimates in archived isolated tissue experiments using acetylcholine compared across teaching batches: a retrospective methodological correlation study.
84. Relationship between agonist concentration range and completeness of concentration-response curves in archived isolated tissue experiments compared with departmental experimental protocols: a retrospective record-based methodological audit.
85. Agreement between archived antagonist-induced shifts in agonist concentration-response curves and expected competitive antagonism patterns compared with pharmacology teaching standards: a retrospective methodological study of completed in-vitro experiments.
86. Completeness of tissue preparation, equilibration time, drug concentration and outcome documentation in archived organ bath experiments compared with departmental standard operating procedures: a retrospective methodological audit.
87. Reproducibility of archived concentration-response curves for adrenaline in isolated tissue preparations compared across student practical batches: a retrospective record-based pharmacodynamic study using normalized maximum response as outcome.
88. Agreement between archived experimentally estimated potency rankings of cholinergic agonists and standard pharmacology reference rankings: a retrospective comparative study of completed in-vitro teaching experiments.
89. Association between documented tissue equilibration duration and variability of maximum contractile response in archived organ bath experiments compared with protocol-recommended equilibration time: a retrospective methodological correlation study.
90. Completeness and reproducibility of concentration-response data in archived isolated tissue pharmacology experiments compared with departmental quality criteria: a retrospective record-based audit of experiments completed during three academic years.

Drug screening methods

91. Agreement between two routinely taught analgesic screening methods for ranking standard analgesic medicines using archived departmental experimental records: a retrospective method-comparison study of previously completed experiments.
92. Agreement between two archived anti-inflammatory drug screening methods for classifying standard anti-inflammatory medicines by effect magnitude: a retrospective methodological comparison using completed departmental experimental records.
93. Reproducibility of anticonvulsant drug screening outcomes across archived teaching experiments using the same standard medicine and model: a retrospective record-based reliability study over three academic years.
94. Completeness of positive control, negative control, dose selection and endpoint reporting in archived drug screening experiments compared with departmental protocols: a retrospective methodological audit of completed practical records.
95. Agreement between archived antidiabetic screening outcomes and expected pharmacological activity of standard medicines compared with pharmacology reference standards: a retrospective record-based validity study of completed experiments.
96. Relationship between number of dose levels and ability to demonstrate graded pharmacological response in archived drug screening experiments compared with departmental experimental standards: a retrospective methodological correlation study.
97. Agreement between observer-recorded outcomes in archived behavioural drug screening experiments where duplicate assessments are available: a retrospective inter-observer reliability study using intraclass correlation and weighted kappa statistics.
98. Completeness of blinding, comparator selection and predefined outcome documentation in archived drug screening records compared with institutional experimental research standards: a retrospective methodological audit of previously completed studies.
99. Concordance between drug activity rankings obtained from archived screening models and recognized clinical therapeutic classes for selected medicines: a retrospective translational validity study using existing departmental experimental records.
100. Association between protocol deviations and variability of measured pharmacological effects in archived drug screening experiments compared with protocol-compliant records: a retrospective methodological study of completed departmental experiments.

Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Thesis Topics

Rational drug therapy

101. Appropriateness of medicine selection among adult medicine outpatients with hypertension compared with current Indian standard treatment guidance: a cross-sectional prescription audit assessing recommended drug choice and dosing at consultation.
102. Appropriateness of pharmacotherapy among adults with type two diabetes mellitus attending a teaching hospital compared with Indian standard treatment guidance: a cross-sectional prescription audit assessing drug selection, dosing and duplication.
103. Rationality of antimicrobial prescribing among adults with uncomplicated urinary tract infection compared with hospital antimicrobial guidelines: a prospective observational prescription audit assessing indication, choice, dose and duration at treatment initiation.
104. Appropriateness of analgesic prescribing among postoperative adults compared with institutional pain management guidance: a cross-sectional prescription audit assessing medicine selection, dosing, duplication and gastroprotection within forty-eight hours of surgery.
105. Rationality of medicine prescribing for acute respiratory infections among paediatric outpatients compared with standard treatment guidelines: a cross-sectional prescription audit assessing antimicrobial indication and supportive therapy during nine months.
106. Appropriateness of proton pump inhibitor prescribing among adult inpatients compared with institutional indications for acid suppression: a cross-sectional prescription audit assessing justified indication, dose and duration during hospitalisation.
107. Rationality of fixed dose combination prescribing among adult outpatients compared with the National List of Essential Medicines and approved indications: a cross-sectional prescription audit assessing therapeutic justification over nine months.
108. Appropriateness of antiemetic prescribing among adult surgical inpatients compared with institutional postoperative nausea guidance: a cross-sectional prescription audit assessing indication, medicine choice, dose and duration during hospitalisation.
109. Rationality of corticosteroid prescribing among adult medicine inpatients compared with standard treatment guidelines: a cross-sectional prescription audit assessing indication, route, dose and duration at discharge.
110. Appropriateness of antiepileptic medicine prescribing among adults with established epilepsy compared with standard treatment guidance: a cross-sectional prescription audit assessing monotherapy, dose, duplication and interacting medicines at outpatient review.

Prescription pattern analysis

111. Prescription pattern of antihypertensive medicines among adults attending a tertiary care medicine outpatient department compared with the National List of Essential Medicines: a cross-sectional study assessing class distribution, generic prescribing and combination use.
112. Prescription pattern of oral glucose-lowering medicines among adults with type two diabetes mellitus compared with standard treatment guidance: a cross-sectional study assessing medicine classes, combinations and prescribing frequency over nine months.
113. Prescription pattern of antimicrobials among adult medicine inpatients compared with hospital antimicrobial policy: a prospective cross-sectional audit assessing indication, class, route and duration during nine months.
114. Prescription pattern of psychotropic medicines among adults with schizophrenia attending psychiatry outpatient services compared with standard treatment guidance: a cross-sectional study assessing monotherapy, polypharmacy and essential medicine use.
115. Prescription pattern of analgesics among orthopaedic outpatients compared with the National List of Essential Medicines: a cross-sectional study assessing medicine class, fixed dose combinations, gastroprotection and generic prescribing.
116. Prescription pattern of medicines among pregnant women attending antenatal services compared with recognized pregnancy prescribing guidance: a cross-sectional study assessing therapeutic classes and potentially avoidable exposure during nine months.
117. Prescription pattern of medicines among children attending paediatric outpatient services compared with the National List of Essential Medicines for children: a cross-sectional study assessing generic prescribing and dosage-form selection.
118. Prescription pattern of medicines among elderly medicine outpatients compared with established potentially inappropriate medication criteria: a cross-sectional study assessing polypharmacy, therapeutic duplication and potentially inappropriate prescribing.
119. Prescription pattern of gastroprotective medicines among adult inpatients compared with institutional indications: a cross-sectional study assessing proton pump inhibitor initiation, route, duration and continuation at discharge.
120. Prescription pattern of fixed dose combinations among adult outpatients compared with the National List of Essential Medicines: a cross-sectional study assessing approved combinations, therapeutic rationale and generic prescribing during nine months.

Drug utilisation studies

121. Utilisation of antihypertensive medicines among adult medicine outpatients using anatomical therapeutic chemical classification with defined daily dose methodology: a cross-sectional drug utilisation study comparing consumption with the National List of Essential Medicines.
122. Utilisation of systemic antimicrobials among adult medical inpatients using anatomical therapeutic chemical classification with defined daily dose methodology: a prospective drug utilisation study comparing ward consumption with hospital antimicrobial policy.
123. Utilisation of proton pump inhibitors among hospitalised adults using anatomical therapeutic chemical classification with defined daily dose methodology: a cross-sectional study comparing indications and consumption with institutional prescribing guidance.
124. Utilisation of antipsychotic medicines among adults admitted to psychiatry using anatomical therapeutic chemical classification with defined daily dose methodology: a cross-sectional study comparing prescribing patterns with standard treatment guidance.
125. Utilisation of antiepileptic medicines among adult neurology outpatients using anatomical therapeutic chemical classification with defined daily dose methodology: a cross-sectional study comparing consumption with the National List of Essential Medicines.
126. Utilisation of analgesic medicines among orthopaedic inpatients using anatomical therapeutic chemical classification with defined daily dose methodology: a cross-sectional study comparing medicine selection and consumption with institutional pain management guidance.
127. Utilisation of inhaled medicines among adults with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease compared with standard treatment guidance: a cross-sectional drug utilisation study assessing class, device and combination prescribing over nine months.
128. Utilisation of insulin preparations among hospitalised adults with diabetes mellitus compared with institutional glycaemic management guidance: a prospective drug utilisation study assessing regimen patterns and daily insulin exposure during admission.
129. Utilisation of anticoagulant medicines among adult medical and surgical inpatients compared with institutional thromboprophylaxis guidance: a cross-sectional drug utilisation study assessing indication, dose and duration over nine months.
130. Utilisation of intravenous fluids among adult surgical inpatients compared with institutional perioperative fluid guidance: a prospective drug utilisation study assessing fluid type, volume and duration during the first seventy-two hours.

Comparative drug effectiveness

131. Comparative effectiveness of amlodipine and telmisartan prescribed in routine care among adults with newly treated uncomplicated hypertension: a prospective observational cohort study assessing change in clinic blood pressure at three months.
132. Comparative effectiveness of metformin with glimepiride versus metformin with teneligliptin among adults with type two diabetes mellitus receiving routine care: a prospective observational study assessing change in glycated haemoglobin at three months.
133. Comparative effectiveness of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin prescribed in routine care among adults with dyslipidaemia: a retrospective record-based study assessing percentage reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol at three months.
134. Comparative effectiveness of oral ferrous sulfate and ferrous ascorbate prescribed in routine care among adults with iron deficiency anaemia: a prospective observational study assessing haemoglobin increase at three months.
135. Comparative effectiveness of levetiracetam and sodium valproate prescribed in routine care among adults with generalised epilepsy: a retrospective record-based study assessing documented seizure recurrence during six months.
136. Comparative effectiveness of escitalopram and sertraline prescribed in routine care among adults with depressive disorder: a prospective observational study assessing change in Patient Health Questionnaire Nine scores at three months.
137. Comparative effectiveness of olanzapine and risperidone prescribed in routine care among adults with schizophrenia: a prospective observational study assessing change in Clinical Global Impression Severity Scale scores at three months.
138. Comparative effectiveness of pantoprazole and rabeprazole prescribed in routine care among adults with uncomplicated acid peptic symptoms: a prospective observational study assessing symptom score improvement at four weeks.
139. Comparative effectiveness of metoprolol and carvedilol prescribed in routine care among adults with chronic heart failure: a retrospective record-based study assessing resting heart rate and functional class at three months.
140. Comparative effectiveness of salbutamol with ipratropium bromide versus salbutamol alone prescribed during acute exacerbation of obstructive airway disease: a prospective observational study assessing peak expiratory flow improvement within sixty minutes.

Dose optimization

141. Appropriateness of renal dose adjustment for commonly prescribed antimicrobials among adult inpatients with reduced kidney function compared with institutional dosing guidance: a prospective observational audit at initiation and after seventy-two hours.
142. Appropriateness of metformin dosing among adults with type two diabetes mellitus across kidney function categories compared with standard renal dosing recommendations: a cross-sectional prescription audit at outpatient consultation.
143. Appropriateness of digoxin maintenance dosing among elderly inpatients according to age, body weight and kidney function compared with recommended dosing guidance: a retrospective record-based study at discharge.
144. Appropriateness of enoxaparin dosing among adults receiving therapeutic anticoagulation according to body weight and kidney function compared with institutional guidance: a cross-sectional prescription audit during hospitalisation.
145. Association between insulin dose per kilogram body weight and hypoglycaemia among hospitalised adults compared across routinely prescribed dose categories: a prospective observational study during the first five treatment days.
146. Appropriateness of levothyroxine dose according to body weight and thyroid stimulating hormone concentration among adults with primary hypothyroidism compared with standard dosing recommendations: a retrospective record-based study at three months.
147. Appropriateness of aminoglycoside dosing according to kidney function among hospitalised adults receiving amikacin or gentamicin compared with institutional antimicrobial guidance: a prospective observational audit during treatment.
148. Association between oral corticosteroid dose and hyperglycaemia among adults receiving prednisolone for routine clinical indications compared across prednisolone-equivalent dose categories: a prospective observational study during seven days.
149. Appropriateness of antiepileptic medicine dosing among adults with kidney or liver impairment compared with recognized dosing recommendations: a retrospective record-based prescription audit at hospital discharge.
150. Appropriateness of prophylactic anticoagulant dosing among underweight, normal-weight and obese adult inpatients compared with institutional thromboprophylaxis guidance: a prospective observational audit within twenty-four hours of admission.

Therapeutic drug monitoring

151. Association between routinely measured phenytoin concentration and seizure control or neurological toxicity among adults receiving phenytoin compared with the laboratory therapeutic range: a prospective observational study during hospitalisation.
152. Agreement between measured total phenytoin concentration and albumin-corrected phenytoin concentration among hospitalised adults with hypoalbuminemia: a prospective observational study assessing therapeutic classification at the same blood sampling episode.
153. Association between routinely measured lithium concentration and documented adverse effects among psychiatric patients receiving stable lithium therapy compared with the laboratory therapeutic range: a retrospective record-based study at monitoring visits.
154. Appropriateness of indications and timing for routine lithium concentration measurement among psychiatric patients compared with institutional monitoring guidance: a retrospective record-based audit of monitoring episodes over one year.
155. Association between routinely measured valproate concentration and seizure control or documented toxicity among adults receiving sodium valproate compared with the laboratory therapeutic range: a retrospective record-based study at monitoring visits.
156. Appropriateness of phenytoin concentration monitoring among hospitalised adults receiving phenytoin compared with institutional indications and recommended sampling timing: a prospective observational audit during admission.
157. Relationship between kidney function and routinely measured lithium concentration among adults receiving stable lithium therapy compared with the laboratory therapeutic range: a retrospective record-based correlation study over six months.
158. Association between prescribed phenytoin dose per kilogram body weight and routinely measured serum concentration among adults receiving stable therapy compared with the laboratory therapeutic range: a prospective observational correlation study.
159. Concordance between therapeutic concentration classification and documented clinical response among adults undergoing routine phenytoin monitoring: a prospective observational agreement study using seizure control and toxicity assessment at the monitoring visit.
160. Completeness of therapeutic drug monitoring documentation for routinely assayed narrow-therapeutic-index medicines compared with institutional monitoring requirements: a retrospective record-based audit of indication, sampling time and clinical interpretation over one year.

Polypharmacy

161. Prevalence and predictors of polypharmacy among adults aged sixty-five years or older admitted to medicine wards compared with medication counts at discharge: a prospective observational study assessing potentially inappropriate medicines.
162. Association between polypharmacy and potential drug interactions among elderly medical inpatients compared with patients receiving fewer than five medicines: a cross-sectional observational study within twenty-four hours of admission.
163. Association between polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate prescribing among elderly outpatients assessed using established geriatric prescribing criteria: a cross-sectional study comparing patients receiving five or more medicines with lower medicine counts.
164. Relationship between polypharmacy and self-reported medication adherence among adults with hypertension and diabetes mellitus compared across medication-count categories: a cross-sectional correlation study using the eight-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale.
165. Association between polypharmacy and documented adverse drug reactions among adult medicine inpatients compared with patients receiving fewer than five medicines: a prospective observational study during hospitalisation.
166. Association between psychotropic polypharmacy and excessive daytime sedation among adult psychiatry inpatients compared with psychotropic monotherapy: a cross-sectional observational study using a standardized sedation assessment within forty-eight hours.
167. Relationship between polypharmacy and prescription cost among adults with multiple chronic diseases compared across medication-count categories: a cross-sectional study calculating monthly medicine expenditure at outpatient consultation.
168. Prevalence of therapeutic duplication among adult inpatients receiving polypharmacy compared with institutional prescribing guidance: a cross-sectional prescription audit assessing duplications at admission and discharge.
169. Association between polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate anticholinergic burden among elderly inpatients compared across Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden Scale categories: a cross-sectional observational study at admission.
170. Change in medication count from admission to discharge among adult medicine inpatients with polypharmacy compared with medication reconciliation findings: a prospective observational study assessing addition, discontinuation and therapeutic duplication.

Medication adherence

171. Association between medication adherence measured by the eight-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale and blood pressure control among adults with hypertension: a cross-sectional correlation study at outpatient consultation.
172. Association between medication adherence measured by the eight-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale and glycated haemoglobin among adults with type two diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional correlation study using the most recent routine laboratory result.
173. Relationship between medication adherence and seizure recurrence among adults receiving long-term antiepileptic therapy compared across adherence categories: a prospective observational study assessing documented seizures during three months.
174. Association between medication adherence and pill burden among adults with hypertension and diabetes mellitus compared across daily medicine-count categories: a cross-sectional study using a validated adherence questionnaire at outpatient consultation.
175. Association between medication adherence and treatment default among adults receiving antitubercular therapy under the national tuberculosis programme: a prospective observational study using routine treatment records over three months.
176. Relationship between medication adherence and depressive symptom control among adults prescribed antidepressants compared across adherence categories: a prospective observational study using Patient Health Questionnaire Nine scores at three months.
177. Association between medication adherence and inhaler technique among adults with asthma receiving maintenance inhaled therapy: a cross-sectional study using a validated adherence questionnaire and device-specific technique checklist at outpatient review.
178. Association between medication adherence and monthly out-of-pocket medicine cost among adults with chronic diseases receiving long-term therapy: a cross-sectional correlation study using validated adherence assessment at outpatient consultation.
179. Relationship between medication adherence and number of daily dosing occasions among adults receiving antihypertensive medicines compared across once-daily and multiple-daily regimens: a cross-sectional observational study at outpatient review.
180. Association between medication adherence and glycaemic control among adults using insulin compared across validated adherence categories: a prospective observational study using routine glycated haemoglobin measurement at three months.

Clinical pharmacokinetics

181. Association between estimated creatinine clearance and prescribed vancomycin dosing interval among hospitalised adults compared with institutional renal dosing guidance: a prospective observational clinical pharmacokinetic audit at treatment initiation.
182. Relationship between serum albumin concentration and corrected phenytoin concentration among hospitalised adults receiving phenytoin compared with measured total concentration: a prospective observational clinical pharmacokinetic correlation study during admission.
183. Association between kidney function and prescribed metformin dose among adults with type two diabetes mellitus compared with renal dosing recommendations: a cross-sectional clinical pharmacokinetic prescription audit at outpatient consultation.
184. Association between age, body weight and kidney function with prescribed digoxin dose among elderly patients compared with recommended dosing guidance: a retrospective record-based clinical pharmacokinetic study at discharge.
185. Relationship between estimated kidney function and prescribed aminoglycoside dosing interval among hospitalised adults compared with institutional antimicrobial dosing guidance: a prospective observational clinical pharmacokinetic audit during treatment.
186. Association between body weight and prescribed therapeutic enoxaparin dose among adults with venous thromboembolism compared with weight-based dosing recommendations: a cross-sectional clinical pharmacokinetic study at prescription review.
187. Relationship between hepatic biochemical abnormalities and prescribed doses of selected hepatically metabolized medicines among adult inpatients compared with recognized dose-adjustment guidance: a retrospective clinical pharmacokinetic audit at discharge.
188. Association between kidney function and gabapentin dose among adults with neuropathic pain compared with recommended renal dose adjustments: a cross-sectional clinical pharmacokinetic prescription audit at outpatient consultation.
189. Agreement between two routinely available kidney function estimating equations for classifying adult inpatients into medicine dose-adjustment categories: a prospective observational clinical pharmacokinetic agreement study at admission.
190. Association between obesity and prescribed weight-adjusted doses of selected antimicrobials among adult inpatients compared with institutional dosing recommendations: a cross-sectional clinical pharmacokinetic audit during hospitalisation.

Individualized therapy

191. Appropriateness of individualized antihypertensive medicine selection among adults with hypertension and chronic kidney disease compared with standard treatment guidance: a cross-sectional prescription audit assessing comorbidity-based drug choice at outpatient consultation.
192. Appropriateness of glucose-lowering medicine selection among adults with type two diabetes mellitus and impaired kidney function compared with renal prescribing recommendations: a cross-sectional individualized therapy audit at outpatient review.
193. Association between patient age, kidney function and individualized anticoagulant dosing among adults receiving routine anticoagulation compared with institutional dosing guidance: a cross-sectional prescription audit during hospitalisation.
194. Appropriateness of individualized antiepileptic medicine selection among women of reproductive age compared with recognized prescribing guidance: a cross-sectional prescription audit assessing medicine choice and documented contraceptive counselling.
195. Association between comorbidity burden and individualized antihypertensive regimen selection among elderly outpatients compared with standard treatment guidance: a cross-sectional observational study at routine consultation.
196. Appropriateness of individualized analgesic prescribing among adults with kidney impairment compared with standard renal prescribing guidance: a cross-sectional prescription audit assessing medicine selection and dose at inpatient review.
197. Association between body weight, kidney function and individualized antimicrobial dosing among adult inpatients compared with institutional dosing guidance: a prospective observational audit of dose appropriateness during treatment initiation.
198. Appropriateness of individualized psychotropic medicine selection among adults with diabetes mellitus or obesity compared with standard psychiatric prescribing guidance: a cross-sectional prescription audit at outpatient consultation.
199. Association between pregnancy trimester and medicine selection among pregnant women receiving treatment for common medical conditions compared with recognized pregnancy prescribing guidance: a cross-sectional individualized therapy audit during antenatal visits.
200. Appropriateness of individualized medicine selection among elderly patients with multimorbidity compared with established geriatric prescribing criteria: a prospective observational medication review study assessing potentially inappropriate therapy at admission and discharge.

Pharmacovigilance and Drug Safety Thesis Topics

Adverse drug reactions

201. Incidence, clinical pattern and implicated medicines of adverse drug reactions among adult medicine inpatients receiving routine pharmacotherapy: a prospective observational study using the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India reporting form during hospitalisation.
202. Clinical pattern and risk factors for cutaneous adverse drug reactions among patients attending dermatology services compared with drug-exposed controls without reactions: a case-control study using routinely documented exposures during hospitalisation.
203. Incidence and clinical characteristics of adverse drug reactions among elderly medicine inpatients receiving five or more medicines compared with patients receiving fewer medicines: a prospective observational study during hospitalisation.
204. Incidence and pattern of adverse drug reactions among paediatric inpatients receiving systemic antimicrobials compared across antimicrobial classes: a prospective observational study using routine clinical monitoring during hospitalisation.
205. Incidence and pattern of adverse drug reactions among adults receiving first-line antitubercular medicines under the national tuberculosis programme: a prospective observational study using routine clinical records during three months.
206. Incidence and pattern of adverse drug reactions among adults receiving antiretroviral medicines under the national human immunodeficiency virus treatment programme: a prospective observational study using routine records over three months.
207. Incidence and pattern of adverse drug reactions among psychiatric inpatients receiving antipsychotic medicines compared across routinely prescribed drug classes: a prospective observational study during hospitalisation.
208. Incidence and characteristics of adverse drug reactions among pregnant women receiving medicines during hospitalisation compared across pregnancy trimesters: a prospective observational pharmacovigilance study until hospital discharge.
209. Incidence and pattern of adverse drug reactions among adult intensive care patients receiving five or more medicines compared with lower medicine counts: a prospective observational study during intensive care stay.
210. Association between polypharmacy and adverse drug reaction occurrence among elderly medical inpatients compared with patients receiving fewer than five medicines: a prospective observational pharmacovigilance study during hospitalisation.

ADR reporting

211. Completeness of adverse drug reaction reports submitted to a hospital monitoring centre compared with mandatory fields of the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India suspected adverse drug reaction reporting form: a retrospective record-based audit.
212. Knowledge, attitude and practice regarding adverse drug reaction reporting among resident doctors compared across clinical departments: a cross-sectional questionnaire study using a validated instrument during one academic year.
213. Knowledge, attitude and practice regarding adverse drug reaction reporting among staff nurses compared across medical and surgical wards: a cross-sectional questionnaire study using a validated instrument during one academic year.
214. Effect of a single structured pharmacovigilance teaching session on adverse drug reaction reporting knowledge among resident doctors: a before-and-after study using the same validated questionnaire immediately before and after teaching.
215. Effect of a single structured pharmacovigilance teaching session on adverse drug reaction reporting knowledge among staff nurses: a before-and-after study using a validated questionnaire immediately before and after teaching.
216. Barriers to spontaneous adverse drug reaction reporting among prescribers in a tertiary care teaching hospital: a cross-sectional questionnaire study using a validated barrier instrument and comparing scores across clinical specialties.
217. Agreement between adverse drug reactions documented in patient case records and reports submitted to the hospital monitoring centre: a retrospective record-based study assessing reporting proportion over one year.
218. Association between adverse drug reaction seriousness and probability of spontaneous reporting among hospitalised patients with documented reactions: a retrospective record-based study comparing reported and unreported reactions over one year.
219. Completeness of suspected medicine, reaction description, chronology and reporter information in spontaneous adverse drug reaction reports compared with Pharmacovigilance Programme of India requirements: a retrospective audit over one year.
220. Association between previous pharmacovigilance training and adverse drug reaction reporting knowledge among resident doctors compared with residents without prior training: a comparative cross-sectional questionnaire study during one academic year.

Signal detection

221. Disproportional distribution of medicine-reaction pairs among reports received by a hospital adverse drug reaction monitoring centre compared with all other local reports: a retrospective exploratory signal detection study over three years.
222. Identification of recurrent unexpected adverse drug reaction patterns among hospital pharmacovigilance reports compared with recognized product safety information: a retrospective record-based signal review using three years of monitoring centre data.
223. Frequency and temporal pattern of serious adverse drug reactions associated with systemic antimicrobials compared across antimicrobial classes: a retrospective hospital pharmacovigilance signal detection study using three years of reports.
224. Pattern of hepatic adverse drug reaction reports associated with antitubercular medicines compared with other reported medicine classes: a retrospective signal detection study using hospital monitoring centre records over three years.
225. Pattern of severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions associated with antiepileptic medicines compared across individual generic medicines: a retrospective exploratory signal detection study using hospital pharmacovigilance records over three years.
226. Distribution of adverse drug reaction medicine-event pairs among elderly patients compared with younger adults: a retrospective signal detection study using three years of reports from a teaching hospital monitoring centre.
227. Identification of frequently co-reported adverse reactions to antipsychotic medicines compared across individual generic medicines: a retrospective exploratory signal detection study using hospital pharmacovigilance reports over three years.
228. Temporal change in antimicrobial-associated adverse drug reaction reporting before and after updates to hospital antimicrobial stewardship guidance: a retrospective signal surveillance study comparing equal twelve-month periods.
229. Distribution of adverse drug reaction patterns associated with fixed dose combinations compared with single-ingredient medicines: a retrospective exploratory signal detection study using three years of hospital monitoring centre reports.
230. Identification of uncommon but repeatedly reported medicine-reaction combinations compared with recognized product information: a retrospective exploratory signal detection study using three years of anonymized hospital pharmacovigilance records.

Causality assessment

231. Agreement between the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale and the World Health Organization Uppsala Monitoring Centre causality assessment system for hospital-reported adverse drug reactions: a prospective observational agreement study.
232. Inter-observer agreement between two trained pharmacology assessors using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale for adverse drug reactions reported from medicine wards: a prospective agreement study during nine months.
233. Inter-observer agreement between two trained assessors using the World Health Organization Uppsala Monitoring Centre causality assessment system for hospital adverse drug reactions: a prospective observational reliability study during nine months.
234. Comparison of causality categories assigned by the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale and treating clinicians' documented attribution among hospitalised adults: a prospective observational agreement study during admission.
235. Agreement between the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale and the World Health Organization Uppsala Monitoring Centre causality assessment system for antimicrobial-associated adverse reactions: a prospective observational study during hospitalisation.
236. Agreement between two causality assessment methods for antitubercular medicine-associated adverse drug reactions reported under routine care: a prospective observational study using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale and World Health Organization Uppsala Monitoring Centre system.
237. Association between completeness of adverse drug reaction documentation and causality classification using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale: a retrospective record-based study of monitoring centre reports over one year.
238. Agreement between causality categories derived from initial adverse drug reaction reports and categories after retrieval of missing clinical information: a prospective observational study using the World Health Organization Uppsala Monitoring Centre system.
239. Inter-observer agreement in causality assessment of cutaneous adverse drug reactions using the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale among two trained assessors: a prospective reliability study during nine months.
240. Agreement between the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale and the World Health Organization Uppsala Monitoring Centre causality assessment system for psychiatric medicine-associated reactions: a prospective observational agreement study.

Severity assessment

241. Severity distribution of adverse drug reactions reported from adult medicine wards using the Hartwig severity assessment scale: a prospective observational pharmacovigilance study assessing severity at reaction recognition and hospital discharge.
242. Inter-observer agreement between two trained assessors using the Hartwig severity assessment scale for hospital adverse drug reactions: a prospective observational reliability study during nine months.
243. Association between adverse drug reaction severity assessed by the Hartwig severity assessment scale and length of hospital stay among adult inpatients: a prospective observational correlation study through discharge.
244. Association between polypharmacy and severity of adverse drug reactions using the Hartwig severity assessment scale among elderly inpatients: a prospective observational study comparing patients receiving five or more medicines with lower medicine counts.
245. Severity profile of antimicrobial-associated adverse drug reactions using the Hartwig severity assessment scale compared across antimicrobial classes: a prospective observational study among adult inpatients during hospitalisation.
246. Severity profile of adverse drug reactions associated with antitubercular medicines using the Hartwig severity assessment scale compared across implicated generic medicines: a prospective observational study over three months.
247. Association between seriousness criteria and Hartwig severity assessment scale categories among adverse drug reactions reported to a teaching hospital monitoring centre: a retrospective agreement study using one year of reports.
248. Severity profile of cutaneous adverse drug reactions using the Hartwig severity assessment scale compared across implicated medicine classes: a prospective observational study among dermatology referrals during nine months.
249. Association between patient age and adverse drug reaction severity assessed using the Hartwig severity assessment scale among hospitalised adults: a prospective observational correlation study during admission.
250. Association between number of suspected medicines and adverse drug reaction severity using the Hartwig severity assessment scale: a prospective observational study of hospital reports during nine months.

Preventability assessment

251. Preventability of adverse drug reactions among adult medicine inpatients assessed using the Schumock and Thornton preventability criteria: a prospective observational pharmacovigilance study evaluating reactions during hospitalisation.
252. Inter-observer agreement between two trained assessors using the Schumock and Thornton preventability criteria for hospital adverse drug reactions: a prospective observational reliability study during nine months.
253. Preventability of antimicrobial-associated adverse drug reactions assessed using the Schumock and Thornton preventability criteria compared across antimicrobial classes: a prospective observational study among adult inpatients during hospitalisation.
254. Preventability of adverse drug reactions among elderly inpatients receiving polypharmacy assessed using the Schumock and Thornton preventability criteria compared with patients receiving fewer medicines: a prospective observational study.
255. Association between documented previous allergy history and preventable adverse drug reactions assessed using the Schumock and Thornton preventability criteria: a prospective observational study among hospitalised patients during nine months.
256. Association between inappropriate renal dose adjustment and preventable adverse drug reactions assessed using the Schumock and Thornton preventability criteria among adults with kidney impairment: a prospective observational study during hospitalisation.
257. Preventability of antitubercular medicine-associated adverse drug reactions assessed using the Schumock and Thornton preventability criteria compared across implicated medicines: a prospective observational study during three months of treatment.
258. Association between potential drug interactions and preventable adverse drug reactions assessed using the Schumock and Thornton preventability criteria among adult medicine inpatients: a prospective observational study during hospitalisation.
259. Preventability of adverse drug reactions associated with high-risk medicines using the Schumock and Thornton preventability criteria compared across anticoagulants, insulin and antiepileptic medicines: a prospective observational hospital study.
260. Association between incomplete medication history at admission and preventable adverse drug reactions assessed using the Schumock and Thornton preventability criteria: a prospective observational study among adult medical inpatients.

Medication errors

261. Prevalence and types of prescribing errors among adult medicine inpatient prescriptions compared with institutional prescribing standards: a cross-sectional prescription audit assessing medicine name, dose, route, frequency and completeness during nine months.
262. Prevalence of medication discrepancies at hospital admission among adults receiving long-term medicines compared with the best possible medication history: a prospective observational medication reconciliation study within twenty-four hours.
263. Prevalence of medication discrepancies at discharge among adult medicine inpatients compared with the final inpatient medication chart: a prospective observational study assessing omission, duplication and dose changes at discharge.
264. Prevalence and types of prescribing errors in paediatric inpatient medication orders compared with weight-based prescribing standards: a cross-sectional audit assessing dose, frequency, route and formulation during nine months.
265. Association between number of prescribed medicines and prescribing errors among elderly inpatients compared across medication-count categories: a cross-sectional observational study using institutional prescription standards during hospitalisation.
266. Prevalence of decimal, unit and dose calculation errors in paediatric prescriptions compared with institutional medication safety standards: a cross-sectional prescription audit conducted over nine months.
267. Prevalence of high-risk medicine prescribing errors involving insulin, anticoagulants and concentrated electrolytes compared with institutional safety guidance: a prospective observational audit of inpatient medication orders during nine months.
268. Association between prescription legibility and dispensing clarification requests among handwritten outpatient prescriptions compared with prescriptions without clarification requests: a cross-sectional observational study during nine months.
269. Completeness of allergy documentation in adult inpatient medication records compared with institutional medication safety requirements: a cross-sectional record audit assessing documentation within twenty-four hours of admission.
270. Effect of a single structured rational prescribing teaching session on prescription-writing errors among postgraduate residents: a before-and-after assessment using standardized prescribing exercises immediately before and after teaching.

Drug–drug interactions

271. Prevalence and severity of potential drug interactions among adult medicine inpatients receiving five or more medicines assessed using a recognized interaction database: a prospective observational study within twenty-four hours of admission.
272. Prevalence of potential drug interactions among elderly inpatients compared with younger adults receiving similar medication counts: a comparative cross-sectional study using a recognized drug interaction database during hospitalisation.
273. Association between potential drug interactions and documented adverse drug reactions among adult medicine inpatients compared with patients without identified interactions: a prospective observational study during hospitalisation.
274. Prevalence of clinically important interactions among psychiatric inpatients receiving multiple psychotropic medicines assessed using a recognized interaction database: a cross-sectional observational study within forty-eight hours of admission.
275. Prevalence of interactions involving antitubercular medicines among adults receiving treatment for tuberculosis compared with recognized interaction references: a cross-sectional observational study at treatment visits during three months.
276. Prevalence of potential drug interactions among adults receiving antiretroviral therapy with medicines for chronic comorbidities compared with a recognized interaction reference: a cross-sectional observational study at outpatient review.
277. Association between number of prescribed medicines and number of potential drug interactions among adult intensive care patients: a prospective observational correlation study using a recognized interaction database within twenty-four hours.
278. Prevalence of interactions involving oral anticoagulants among adult inpatients compared with a recognized drug interaction reference: a prospective observational study assessing interaction severity and documented clinical consequences during hospitalisation.
279. Prevalence of potential interactions involving antiepileptic medicines among neurology outpatients compared with a recognized drug interaction reference: a cross-sectional study assessing interaction mechanisms and severity at consultation.
280. Agreement between two recognized drug interaction databases for classification of potential interactions among adult medicine inpatients receiving polypharmacy: a prospective observational agreement study during nine months.

Drug safety in special populations

281. Prevalence of potentially inappropriate medicines among adults aged sixty-five years or older admitted to medicine wards compared with established geriatric prescribing criteria: a prospective observational medication safety study at admission.
282. Medicine exposure patterns among pregnant women attending antenatal services compared with recognized pregnancy prescribing guidance: a cross-sectional drug safety study assessing potentially avoidable exposures during nine months.
283. Prevalence of potentially inappropriate medicine use among children admitted to paediatric wards compared with age- and weight-appropriate prescribing guidance: a cross-sectional prescription safety audit during nine months.
284. Appropriateness of medicine dosing among adults with chronic kidney disease compared with recognized renal dose-adjustment recommendations: a cross-sectional drug safety audit assessing contraindications and dose modifications at hospitalisation.
285. Appropriateness of medicine selection among adults with chronic liver disease compared with recognized hepatic prescribing guidance: a cross-sectional drug safety audit assessing potentially hepatotoxic and dose-adjusted medicines during admission.
286. Incidence and pattern of adverse drug reactions among elderly inpatients receiving polypharmacy compared with patients receiving fewer than five medicines: a prospective observational safety study during hospitalisation.
287. Incidence and pattern of adverse drug reactions among paediatric inpatients receiving systemic antimicrobials compared across age groups: a prospective observational drug safety study during hospitalisation.
288. Association between pregnancy trimester and potentially inappropriate medicine exposure among pregnant women receiving routine care compared with recognized pregnancy safety guidance: a cross-sectional observational study during antenatal visits.
289. Prevalence of potentially nephrotoxic medicine combinations among adults with impaired kidney function compared with renal prescribing guidance: a cross-sectional medication safety study within twenty-four hours of admission.
290. Prevalence of high anticholinergic medicine burden among elderly inpatients compared across Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden Scale categories: a cross-sectional drug safety study assessing associated anticholinergic symptoms during admission.

Pharmacovigilance awareness and practices

291. Knowledge, attitude and practice regarding pharmacovigilance among postgraduate resident doctors compared across medical, surgical and diagnostic specialties: a cross-sectional questionnaire study using a validated instrument during one academic year.
292. Knowledge, attitude and practice regarding pharmacovigilance among staff nurses compared across medical, surgical and intensive care units: a cross-sectional questionnaire study using a validated instrument during one academic year.
293. Knowledge and awareness of adverse drug reaction reporting among undergraduate medical interns compared with postgraduate residents: a comparative cross-sectional questionnaire study using a validated instrument during one academic year.
294. Effect of a single structured pharmacovigilance teaching session on knowledge and attitude scores among postgraduate residents: a before-and-after study using a validated questionnaire immediately before and after teaching.
295. Effect of a single structured pharmacovigilance teaching session on knowledge and reporting intentions among staff nurses: a before-and-after study using a validated questionnaire immediately before and after teaching.
296. Association between prior pharmacovigilance training and knowledge, attitude and practice scores among postgraduate resident doctors: a comparative cross-sectional questionnaire study using a validated instrument during one academic year.
297. Barriers and facilitators to spontaneous adverse drug reaction reporting among prescribing doctors compared across clinical departments: a cross-sectional questionnaire study using a validated reporting-barrier instrument during one academic year.
298. Knowledge and practice regarding adverse drug reaction reporting among pharmacists and nursing personnel compared with resident doctors: a comparative cross-sectional questionnaire study using a validated pharmacovigilance instrument.
299. Translation and validation of a pharmacovigilance knowledge, attitude and practice questionnaire for Hindi-speaking resident doctors against the original English instrument: a cross-sectional psychometric study assessing reliability and construct validity.
300. Translation and validation of an adverse drug reaction reporting awareness questionnaire for regional-language nursing personnel against the original English instrument: a cross-sectional psychometric study assessing internal consistency and test-retest reliability.