Pathology thesis topics on hematology

Q: How do I choose a feasible Haematology thesis topic?

Start with tests and specimens that the department already generates in adequate numbers. A good topic has one primary question, a clearly available comparator and a realistic case flow. Routine CBC parameters, peripheral smears, marrow material, HPLC records, coagulation profiles and flow cytometry data are usually more feasible than projects dependent on externally referred tests.

Q: Which study designs are accepted for a Haematology thesis?

Common designs include cross-sectional descriptive studies, diagnostic-accuracy studies, method-comparison studies, inter-observer agreement studies, retrospective reviews, prospective laboratory observational studies, laboratory audits and clinicopathological correlation studies. The design should match the primary question.

Q: What should I settle with my guide before registering a Haematology topic?

Settle the primary outcome, expected case yield, analyser platform, specimen source, comparator test, availability of archived material, need for flow cytometry or HPLC, exclusions for transfused or treated patients, morphology review method, blinding and handling of discordant results.

Q: How should pre-analytical variables be controlled in Haematology studies?

Define anticoagulant, collection technique, maximum collection-to-analysis interval, storage condition and rejection criteria before recruitment. Apply the same rules to all participants and prespecify how clotted samples, haemolysis, platelet clumping, underfilled citrate tubes and delayed EDTA processing will be handled.

Q: What is the difference between a Haematology synopsis and a Haematology protocol?

The synopsis is a concise summary of the problem, objectives and broad methods. The protocol is the operational document and should specify specimen timing, analyser methodology, morphology criteria, reference standard, blinding, handling of inadequate material, exclusions, variables, sample-size assumptions and statistical analysis.

Q: What ethical issues are important in a Haematology thesis?

Prospective work requires informed consent, guardian consent and age-appropriate child assent when relevant. Retrospective work may qualify for a consent waiver after ethics approval. Routine-care specimens should be used where possible, research-only blood sampling must be justified, research-only marrow procedures should be avoided, and clinically actionable incidental findings need a defined escalation pathway.

Q: How should recent blood transfusion be handled in a Haematology thesis?

Recent transfusion can create mixed donor and patient red-cell populations and alter haemoglobin concentration, red-cell indices, smear appearance, HbA2, HbF and discriminant indices. The protocol should define an appropriate transfusion-free interval and either exclude recently transfused participants or analyse them separately.

Q: How does a Haematology dissertation differ from research-proposal pathways outside the Indian MD?

An Indian MD dissertation usually develops from a focused synopsis into a detailed protocol. A PhD proposal is broader and supports a larger programme of original work. Gulf and board pathways may require a supervised research project with different approval and submission structures, while retaining the same scientific need for a defined question, feasible methods, ethical approval and prespecified analysis.

Q: When should I register my Haematology thesis topic?

Register after confirming that target cases, specimens and comparator tests are available and after the guide has agreed on the primary objective. Checking case yield, transfusion exclusions, marrow adequacy and access to HPLC or flow cytometry before registration reduces the risk of an impractical dissertation.

Haematology Thesis Topics for MD Pathology and DNB Pathology

This page brings together haematology thesis topics and haematology research topics for MD Pathology and DNB Pathology candidates, with emphasis on questions that can be completed within one thesis period using routine complete blood counts, peripheral blood smears, bone marrow material, coagulation work-up, HPLC, flow cytometry and other investigations already available in the department. The most useful projects define the specimen, analyser method, reference standard, timing of sampling and clinical state before data collection begins, so that agreement, diagnostic performance and clinicopathological correlation are not mixed together. Once a topic is selected, the same question can be converted into an MD pathology haematology protocol or MD pathology haematology synopsis with explicit eligibility criteria, variables and analysis.

Last reviewed and updated: September 2026 · 2026–27 admissions

Complete Blood Count and Automated Haematology Analyser Parameters

Agreement of automated haemoglobin concentration with manual cyanmethemoglobin estimation in routine adult ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid blood samples, with percentage bias and clinically significant discordance as outcomes: a comparative cross-sectional study.
Agreement of automated haematocrit with manually calculated haematocrit in adult blood samples across anaemic and non-anaemic ranges, with systematic bias and limits of agreement as outcomes: a comparative cross-sectional study.
Correlation of automated red blood cell count, mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular haemoglobin with peripheral smear morphology in adults with microcytic anaemia: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic accuracy of automated mean corpuscular volume for detecting morphologically confirmed microcytosis on peripheral blood smear in adults with anaemia: a laboratory-based cross-sectional study using manual smear examination as reference standard.
Diagnostic accuracy of mean corpuscular volume for identifying macrocytosis in adults with anaemia using peripheral blood smear morphology as reference standard, with sensitivity and specificity as outcomes: a cross-sectional study.
Correlation of red cell distribution width with anisocytosis graded on peripheral blood smear in adults with anaemia, using manual morphological assessment as comparator: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic accuracy of automated red cell distribution width for distinguishing iron deficiency anaemia from beta-thalassaemia trait in adults with microcytosis, using iron studies and high performance liquid chromatography as reference standards: a cross-sectional study.
Agreement between automated total leucocyte count and manual haemocytometer leucocyte count in routine blood samples across leucopenic, normal and leukocytosis ranges: a comparative cross-sectional laboratory study.
Agreement between automated differential leucocyte count and manual peripheral smear differential count in adult samples flagged for leukocytosis or abnormal white cell distribution: a comparative cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic performance of automated neutrophil and lymphocyte percentages for detecting neutrophilia and lymphocytosis against manual peripheral smear differential count as reference standard: a cross-sectional laboratory study.
Agreement of automated platelet count with manual peripheral smear platelet estimate in samples with thrombocytopenia, using corrected manual counting where indicated as comparator: a comparative cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic accuracy of automated platelet count for clinically significant thrombocytopenia in routine adult samples using peripheral smear-confirmed platelet adequacy as reference standard: a laboratory-based cross-sectional study.
Association of platelet histogram abnormalities with platelet clumping, giant platelets and platelet satellitism on peripheral blood smear in thrombocytopenic samples: a prospective observational laboratory study.
Diagnostic performance of automated analyser platelet flags for identifying spurious thrombocytopenia caused by platelet clumping, using peripheral smear examination as reference standard: a cross-sectional diagnostic accuracy study.
Correlation of mean platelet volume and platelet distribution width with manually assessed platelet size in adults with thrombocytopenia: a hospital-based cross-sectional study using peripheral smear morphology as comparator.
Agreement of repeated complete blood count measurements from the same ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid sample at zero, four and eight hours, assessing clinically significant changes in major cellular parameters: a prospective laboratory study.
Effect of delayed sample processing on mean corpuscular volume, red cell distribution width and platelet indices in routine blood samples, using immediate analysis as reference: a controlled observational laboratory study.
Frequency and morphological correlates of automated abnormal cell flags in routine haematology samples, using peripheral smear examination as reference standard: a prospective cross-sectional diagnostic audit.
Diagnostic yield of peripheral smear review triggered by automated haematology analyser flags compared with universal smear review in selected abnormal complete blood count samples: a prospective cross-sectional study.
Laboratory audit of automated complete blood count reporting for analyser flags, repeat testing, smear review indications and corrected reports, with discordance frequency as primary outcome: a retrospective quality study.

Peripheral Blood Smear Examination

Diagnostic accuracy of peripheral blood smear assessment of microcytosis and hypochromia for iron deficiency anaemia in adults, using serum ferritin and transferrin saturation as reference standards: a cross-sectional study.
Correlation of peripheral smear grading of anisocytosis with automated red cell distribution width in adults with microcytic, normocytic and macrocytic anaemia: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Correlation of poikilocytosis severity on peripheral blood smear with haemoglobin concentration and red cell indices in adults with moderate and severe anaemia: a cross-sectional morphology-laboratory study.
Diagnostic utility of pencil cells, target cells and elliptocytes for distinguishing iron deficiency anaemia from beta-thalassaemia trait in microcytic adults, using iron studies and high performance liquid chromatography as reference: a diagnostic accuracy study.
Diagnostic utility of macro-ovalocytes and hypersegmented neutrophils for megaloblastic anaemia in adults with macrocytosis, using vitamin B12 or folate deficiency and bone marrow findings where available as reference: a cross-sectional study.
Correlation of polychromasia graded on peripheral smear with automated reticulocyte count in adults with anaemia, using reticulocyte percentage and absolute reticulocyte count as comparator: a cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic performance of peripheral smear schistocyte assessment for microangiopathic haemolysis in adults with thrombocytopenia, using biochemical haemolysis and clinical diagnosis as reference standard: a cross-sectional study.
Inter-observer agreement for schistocyte quantification on peripheral blood smears from patients with suspected microangiopathic haemolysis using standardized morphological criteria: a blinded agreement study.
Diagnostic utility of spherocytes on peripheral blood smear for immune haemolytic anaemia in adults, using direct antiglobulin testing and biochemical evidence of haemolysis as reference standards: a cross-sectional study.
Frequency and clinical correlates of nucleated red blood cells in adult peripheral blood smears from emergency and intensive care patients, with in-hospital haematological severity at sampling as outcome: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Correlation of toxic granulation, cytoplasmic vacuolation and Döhle bodies in neutrophils with sepsis-related clinical and laboratory parameters in adults with neutrophilic leukocytosis: a cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic value of toxic neutrophil changes for bacterial infection among adults with leukocytosis, using final documented infectious diagnosis as reference standard: a hospital-based diagnostic accuracy study.
Morphological spectrum of reactive lymphocytes in patients with acute febrile illness, correlated with available viral and other infectious diagnoses: a prospective observational peripheral smear study.
Diagnostic accuracy of peripheral smear blast identification in patients with unexplained cytopenia or leukocytosis, using bone marrow examination as reference standard: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Inter-observer agreement between postgraduate residents and faculty pathologists for blast percentage estimation on peripheral blood smears from newly diagnosed acute leukaemia: a blinded morphology agreement study.
Diagnostic utility of giant platelets on peripheral smear for peripheral platelet destruction in thrombocytopenic adults, using bone marrow megakaryocyte findings and clinical diagnosis as comparators: a cross-sectional study.
Frequency and causes of platelet clumping identified on peripheral smear among samples showing automated thrombocytopenia, with corrected platelet count after repeat sampling as outcome: a prospective laboratory study.
Correlation of manual platelet estimate from peripheral smear with automated platelet count in samples across severe, moderate and mild thrombocytopenia ranges: a comparative cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic yield of mandatory peripheral smear review in new-onset anaemia, thrombocytopenia or leukocytosis, using clinically significant additional morphological findings as outcome: a prospective laboratory audit.
Inter-observer agreement for standardized grading of microcytosis, hypochromia, anisocytosis and poikilocytosis on peripheral blood smears from adults with anaemia: a blinded agreement study.

Anaemia – General and Morphological Classification

Morphological and aetiological spectrum of anaemia in adult medical patients classified by mean corpuscular volume and peripheral smear, using iron, vitamin and clinical investigations as diagnostic comparators: a cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic agreement between automated mean corpuscular volume-based and peripheral smear-based classification of anaemia into microcytic, normocytic and macrocytic patterns in adult patients: a cross-sectional agreement study.
Aetiological distribution of microcytic anaemia in adults using serum ferritin, transferrin saturation and high performance liquid chromatography as reference investigations: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Aetiological spectrum of normocytic anaemia in adult medical patients using reticulocyte response, renal function and bone marrow examination where clinically indicated as diagnostic parameters: a cross-sectional study.
Aetiological spectrum of macrocytic anaemia in adults with increased mean corpuscular volume using vitamin B12, folate, liver function and peripheral smear morphology: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Histomorphological and biochemical characteristics of dimorphic anaemia in adults showing dual red cell populations on peripheral smear, correlated with iron and vitamin B12 status: a cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic accuracy of red cell indices for morphological classification of anaemia using peripheral smear examination as reference standard in adult patients: a cross-sectional diagnostic accuracy study.
Correlation of anaemia severity with red cell distribution width and morphological anisocytosis across common nutritional anaemias in adult patients: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Comparative haematological profile of nutritional anaemia and anaemia of chronic inflammatory disease using complete blood count, red cell indices and iron parameters: a comparative cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic performance of serum ferritin combined with red cell indices for distinguishing iron deficiency anaemia from anaemia of chronic inflammation, using integrated clinical diagnosis as reference: a cross-sectional study.
Correlation of corrected reticulocyte count with bone marrow erythroid response in adults undergoing marrow examination for unexplained anaemia: a cross-sectional morphology-laboratory correlation study.
Diagnostic performance of reticulocyte production index for differentiating hypoproliferative from regenerative anaemia, using final clinicopathological diagnosis as reference standard: a cross-sectional study.
Spectrum of anaemia among adults attending a tertiary teaching hospital, classified by haemoglobin severity, morphology and identified aetiology: a prospective hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Aetiological profile of severe anaemia in adults with haemoglobin below seven grams per decilitre, using peripheral smear, iron studies and vitamin assays as routine diagnostic parameters: a cross-sectional study.
Morphological patterns of anaemia in elderly patients and their correlation with nutritional deficiency, chronic kidney disease, inflammation and marrow disorders: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Haematological profile of anaemia in chronic kidney disease using red cell indices, peripheral smear morphology and reticulocyte response, correlated with renal function: a cross-sectional study.
Morphological and biochemical profile of anaemia in chronic liver disease using complete blood count, red cell indices and peripheral smear findings: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Spectrum of anaemia in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases using red cell indices, ferritin and transferrin saturation, correlated with inflammatory disease category: a cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic yield of peripheral smear examination in adults with newly detected anaemia after automated complete blood count, measured by clinically significant reclassification or additional findings: a prospective study.
Laboratory audit of anaemia investigations for appropriate use of peripheral smear, iron studies, vitamin assays and reticulocyte parameters, with diagnostic completion as outcome: a retrospective quality study.

Iron Deficiency Anaemia

Diagnostic accuracy of serum ferritin for iron deficiency anaemia in adults with microcytic hypochromic anaemia, using combined iron profile and clinical diagnosis as reference standard: a cross-sectional study.
Correlation of serum ferritin with haemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume and red cell distribution width in adults with laboratory-confirmed iron deficiency anaemia: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Correlation of transferrin saturation with peripheral smear hypochromia and microcytosis in adults with suspected iron deficiency anaemia: a cross-sectional clinicopathological study.
Diagnostic performance of mean corpuscular volume for iron deficiency anaemia in adults with microcytosis, using serum ferritin as reference standard: a hospital-based diagnostic accuracy study.
Diagnostic performance of red cell distribution width for iron deficiency anaemia among adults with microcytic anaemia, using serum ferritin and transferrin saturation as reference standards: a cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic accuracy of Mentzer index for distinguishing iron deficiency anaemia from beta-thalassaemia trait in adults with microcytosis, using iron studies and high performance liquid chromatography as reference: a cross-sectional study.
Comparative diagnostic performance of routinely calculated red cell discriminant indices for separating iron deficiency anaemia from beta-thalassaemia trait, using definitive laboratory diagnosis as reference standard: a cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic utility of peripheral smear pencil cells for iron deficiency anaemia in adults with microcytosis, using serum ferritin as reference standard: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Correlation of morphological hypochromia grading with serum ferritin and transferrin saturation in adults with iron deficiency anaemia: a prospective cross-sectional laboratory study.
Diagnostic performance of reticulocyte haemoglobin content for iron deficiency in adults with microcytic anaemia, using serum ferritin and transferrin saturation as reference standards: a cross-sectional study where routinely available.
Comparative diagnostic performance of reticulocyte haemoglobin content and conventional red cell indices for iron deficiency anaemia, using serum ferritin as reference standard: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Haematological and iron profile of women of reproductive age with iron deficiency anaemia, correlated with severity of microcytosis and red cell distribution width: a cross-sectional study.
Prevalence and haematological profile of iron deficiency among pregnant women undergoing routine complete blood count and ferritin testing, with anaemia severity as outcome: a cross-sectional observational study.
Diagnostic utility of red cell indices for detecting iron deficiency among pregnant women, using serum ferritin as reference standard: a hospital-based cross-sectional diagnostic accuracy study.
Morphological spectrum of peripheral blood changes in severe iron deficiency anaemia, correlated with haemoglobin, ferritin and red cell distribution width: a cross-sectional laboratory study.
Frequency of thrombocytosis and thrombocytopenia in adults with iron deficiency anaemia and their correlation with haemoglobin and serum ferritin: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Comparative haematological profile of isolated iron deficiency and combined iron plus vitamin B12 deficiency, using red cell indices and peripheral smear morphology: a cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic accuracy of red cell distribution width for combined nutritional deficiency in anaemic adults, using ferritin and vitamin B12 measurements as reference standards: a cross-sectional study.
Correlation of degree of iron deficiency with platelet count and mean platelet volume in adults with laboratory-confirmed iron deficiency anaemia: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Laboratory audit of microcytic anaemia work-up for use of ferritin, transferrin saturation, high performance liquid chromatography and peripheral smear examination, with final diagnostic categorization as outcome: a retrospective study.

Megaloblastic and Macrocytic Anaemia

Diagnostic accuracy of macro-ovalocytes and hypersegmented neutrophils for vitamin B12 deficiency in adults with macrocytic anaemia, using serum vitamin B12 as reference standard: a cross-sectional study.
Correlation of mean corpuscular volume with serum vitamin B12 concentration in adults with vitamin B12-deficient megaloblastic anaemia: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Correlation of red cell distribution width with morphological anisopoikilocytosis in adults with vitamin B12-deficient megaloblastic anaemia: a cross-sectional morphology-laboratory study.
Haematological spectrum of vitamin B12 deficiency in adults using complete blood count, peripheral smear and reticulocyte parameters, correlated with biochemical deficiency severity: a cross-sectional study.
Comparative haematological profile of vitamin B12 deficiency and folate deficiency using red cell indices and peripheral smear morphology, with biochemical assays as reference: a comparative cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic performance of mean corpuscular volume for vitamin B12 deficiency among adults with anaemia, using serum vitamin B12 as reference standard: a hospital-based diagnostic accuracy study.
Diagnostic performance of peripheral smear megaloblastic features for vitamin B12 deficiency in adults, using biochemical testing as reference standard: a cross-sectional diagnostic accuracy study.
Frequency and severity of leucopenia and thrombocytopenia in vitamin B12-deficient megaloblastic anaemia, correlated with haemoglobin and mean corpuscular volume: a cross-sectional study.
Morphological spectrum of pancytopenia caused by megaloblastic anaemia in adults, correlated with vitamin B12 level and bone marrow findings where clinically performed: a hospital-based study.
Correlation of lactate dehydrogenase with haemoglobin concentration and peripheral smear evidence of ineffective erythropoiesis in vitamin B12-deficient megaloblastic anaemia: a cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic differentiation of megaloblastic anaemia from myelodysplastic neoplasm in macrocytic adults using peripheral smear, vitamin assays and bone marrow morphology where indicated: a retrospective diagnostic study.
Morphological and biochemical profile of dimorphic anaemia due to combined iron and vitamin B12 deficiency, using ferritin and vitamin B12 as diagnostic reference tests: a cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic performance of red cell distribution width for combined iron and vitamin B12 deficiency among adults with anaemia, using biochemical deficiency assessment as reference standard: a cross-sectional study.
Frequency and morphology of macrocytosis without megaloblastic changes in adults with liver disease, hypothyroidism or medication exposure: a hospital-based retrospective cross-sectional study.
Comparative peripheral smear findings in megaloblastic and non-megaloblastic macrocytosis using biochemical and clinical diagnoses as reference standards: a cross-sectional study.
Correlation of automated immature reticulocyte fraction with severity of ineffective erythropoiesis in adults with vitamin B12-deficient megaloblastic anaemia: a cross-sectional study where routinely available.
Diagnostic yield of bone marrow examination in adults with macrocytic anaemia after exclusion of common vitamin deficiencies, using final clinicopathological diagnosis as outcome: a retrospective study.
Inter-observer agreement for identification of megaloblastic changes in peripheral blood and bone marrow smears using standardized morphological criteria: an archival blinded microscopy study.
Haematological profile of vitamin B12 deficiency in vegetarian and mixed-diet adults undergoing clinically indicated testing, correlated with serum vitamin B12 concentration: a cross-sectional study.
Laboratory audit of macrocytic anaemia evaluation for peripheral smear review, vitamin B12 testing, folate assessment and bone marrow examination, with diagnostic yield as outcome: a retrospective quality study.

Haemoglobinopathies and Thalassaemia

Diagnostic accuracy of Mentzer index for beta-thalassaemia trait among adults with microcytosis, using high performance liquid chromatography as reference standard: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Comparative diagnostic performance of Mentzer, Shine and Lal, and other routinely calculated indices for beta-thalassaemia trait versus iron deficiency anaemia, using definitive laboratory diagnosis as reference: a cross-sectional study.
Correlation of mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular haemoglobin with haemoglobin A2 percentage in individuals with beta-thalassaemia trait diagnosed by high performance liquid chromatography: a cross-sectional study.
Peripheral smear morphology of beta-thalassaemia trait using target cells, microcytosis and basophilic stippling, correlated with high performance liquid chromatography findings: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic accuracy of target cell percentage for beta-thalassaemia trait among microcytic individuals, using high performance liquid chromatography as reference standard: a cross-sectional diagnostic study.
Comparative red cell indices in iron deficiency anaemia, beta-thalassaemia trait and combined iron deficiency with beta-thalassaemia trait, using ferritin and high performance liquid chromatography as references: a cross-sectional study.
Effect of iron deficiency on haemoglobin A2 concentration in individuals evaluated for beta-thalassaemia trait using high performance liquid chromatography: a comparative cross-sectional study.
Haematological profile of beta-thalassaemia major and intermedia patients attending a tertiary teaching hospital, using complete blood count and peripheral smear parameters as study measures: a cross-sectional study.
Correlation of transfusion burden with red cell indices and peripheral smear morphology in patients with transfusion-dependent beta-thalassaemia: a retrospective cross-sectional study using routine pre-transfusion samples.
Haematological profile of sickle cell disease in patients from endemic or tribal populations using complete blood count, peripheral smear and high performance liquid chromatography: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Correlation of foetal haemoglobin percentage with haemoglobin concentration and red cell indices in patients with sickle cell disease diagnosed by high performance liquid chromatography: a cross-sectional study.
Peripheral smear characteristics of sickle cell disease during steady-state evaluation, correlated with haemoglobin concentration and reticulocyte count: a hospital-based cross-sectional morphology study.
Comparative haematological profile of sickle cell disease and sickle cell trait using complete blood count, peripheral smear and high performance liquid chromatography: a comparative cross-sectional study.
Frequency and haematological characteristics of compound sickle-beta-thalassaemia identified by high performance liquid chromatography in patients evaluated for haemoglobinopathy: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Spectrum of haemoglobin variants detected by high performance liquid chromatography among patients referred for microcytosis, haemolysis or family screening: a laboratory-based retrospective cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic concordance of peripheral smear suspicion with high performance liquid chromatography diagnosis in common haemoglobinopathies: a retrospective morphology-laboratory correlation study.
Diagnostic accuracy of automated red cell indices for screening haemoglobinopathies in individuals referred for high performance liquid chromatography, using chromatographic diagnosis as reference standard: a cross-sectional study.
Frequency of iron deficiency among patients with haemoglobinopathy and its effect on red cell indices and peripheral smear morphology: a hospital-based cross-sectional study using serum ferritin.
Laboratory audit of high performance liquid chromatography testing for indication, chromatographic pattern, peripheral smear correlation and final haemoglobinopathy diagnosis: a retrospective quality study.
Diagnostic yield of family screening using complete blood count and high performance liquid chromatography among first-degree relatives of patients with beta-thalassaemia or sickle cell disease: an observational cross-sectional study.

Haemolytic Anaemia

Clinicopathological spectrum of haemolytic anaemia in adults using complete blood count, reticulocyte count, bilirubin, lactate dehydrogenase and peripheral smear findings: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic accuracy of reticulocytosis for haemolytic anaemia in adults, using combined biochemical haemolysis and clinical diagnosis as reference standard: a cross-sectional study.
Correlation of absolute reticulocyte count with lactate dehydrogenase and unconjugated bilirubin in patients with laboratory-confirmed haemolytic anaemia: a cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic utility of peripheral blood spherocytes for warm autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, using direct antiglobulin test positivity as reference standard: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Correlation of direct antiglobulin test strength with haemoglobin concentration, reticulocyte response and bilirubin in adults with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia: a cross-sectional study.
Haematological and biochemical profile of direct antiglobulin test-positive autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, correlated with primary versus secondary clinical classification: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic performance of polychromasia grading on peripheral smear for reticulocytosis in haemolytic anaemia, using automated reticulocyte count as reference standard: a cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic accuracy of schistocyte percentage for microangiopathic haemolysis among adults with anaemia and thrombocytopenia, using clinical and biochemical diagnosis as reference standard: a cross-sectional study.
Inter-observer agreement for schistocyte identification and quantification in peripheral blood smears from patients with suspected microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia: a blinded agreement study.
Comparative haematological profile of immune and non-immune haemolytic anaemia using peripheral smear, direct antiglobulin testing and biochemical haemolysis markers: a comparative cross-sectional study.
Frequency and morphological patterns of haemolysis in patients with malaria, using haemoglobin, reticulocyte count, bilirubin and peripheral smear parasitaemia as study parameters: a cross-sectional study.
Haematological profile of haemolysis in sickle cell disease using haemoglobin, reticulocyte count, bilirubin and lactate dehydrogenase, correlated with high performance liquid chromatography findings: a cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic utility of red cell morphology for hereditary haemolytic anaemia in patients undergoing routine evaluation, using final clinicopathological diagnosis as reference standard: a retrospective study.
Frequency of thrombocytopenia in haemolytic anaemia and its relationship with schistocytosis, splenomegaly and underlying aetiology: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Correlation of reticulocyte production index with marrow erythroid hyperplasia in patients with haemolytic anaemia undergoing clinically indicated bone marrow examination: a cross-sectional correlation study.
Diagnostic yield of direct antiglobulin testing in patients with anaemia, reticulocytosis and unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia, using final clinical diagnosis as outcome: a retrospective study.
Comparative performance of absolute reticulocyte count and corrected reticulocyte count for identifying regenerative haemolysis, using final clinicopathological diagnosis as reference standard: a cross-sectional study.
Morphological and biochemical profile of microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia associated with sepsis, obstetric disorders and disseminated intravascular coagulation: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Frequency and causes of haemolysis among patients with severe anaemia requiring hospital admission, using routine laboratory and clinical investigations for aetiological classification: a cross-sectional study.
Laboratory audit of haemolytic anaemia evaluation for reticulocyte testing, direct antiglobulin testing, bilirubin, lactate dehydrogenase and peripheral smear review: a retrospective quality study.

Pancytopenia and Bicytopenia

Aetiological spectrum of pancytopenia in adults undergoing bone marrow examination, using aspirate and trephine findings with routine clinical investigations as reference: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic distribution of megaloblastic anaemia, aplastic anaemia, acute leukaemia and marrow infiltration among adults presenting with pancytopenia: a prospective bone marrow-based cross-sectional study.
Correlation of peripheral blood indices with bone marrow cellularity in adults undergoing marrow examination for pancytopenia: a hospital-based cross-sectional morphology-laboratory correlation study.
Diagnostic accuracy of peripheral smear findings for identifying megaloblastic anaemia in adults with pancytopenia, using bone marrow morphology and vitamin B12 status as reference standards: a cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic performance of peripheral blood blasts for acute leukaemia among adults with pancytopenia, using bone marrow examination as reference standard: a cross-sectional diagnostic study.
Diagnostic yield of bone marrow aspiration in pancytopenia using trephine biopsy and final integrated diagnosis as comparators: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic contribution of bone marrow trephine biopsy in pancytopenic patients with non-diagnostic or inadequate aspirates, using final integrated diagnosis as outcome: a retrospective study.
Comparative aetiological profile of pancytopenia and bicytopenia in adult medical patients undergoing bone marrow evaluation: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Morphological spectrum of bone marrow findings in adults with bicytopenia involving anaemia and thrombocytopenia, correlated with peripheral smear features: a cross-sectional study.
Morphological spectrum of bone marrow findings in adults with leucopenia and thrombocytopenia, correlated with clinical diagnosis and marrow cellularity: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Frequency and morphological characteristics of nutritional causes among adults with pancytopenia, using vitamin B12, ferritin and marrow morphology as diagnostic parameters: a cross-sectional study.
Frequency and bone marrow characteristics of acute leukaemia presenting with pancytopenia, using aspirate morphology and routine immunophenotyping where clinically performed: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Bone marrow morphology of tuberculosis-associated cytopenias in patients undergoing marrow examination, correlated with granulomas, necrosis and available microbiological findings: a retrospective study.
Frequency of haemophagocytosis in bone marrow aspirates from patients with pancytopenia and febrile illness, correlated with documented clinical diagnoses: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Correlation of splenomegaly with marrow findings in adults presenting with pancytopenia, using imaging and bone marrow examination as study parameters: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Aetiological spectrum of pancytopenia in elderly patients using peripheral smear, bone marrow aspiration and trephine biopsy findings: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Comparative marrow cellularity and peripheral blood indices in nutritional pancytopenia and aplastic anaemia, using final integrated diagnosis as reference: a comparative cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic agreement between bone marrow aspiration and trephine biopsy in pancytopenic patients, with final integrated diagnosis as reference standard: a prospective agreement study.
Predictors of a diagnostic trephine biopsy contribution in pancytopenia using aspirate adequacy, marrow cellularity and peripheral blood parameters: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Laboratory audit of pancytopenia evaluation for peripheral smear review, reticulocyte count, bone marrow aspiration, trephine biopsy and special stains, with diagnostic yield as outcome: a retrospective study.

Bone Marrow Examination and Aspirate–Trephine Correlation

Diagnostic concordance between bone marrow aspiration and trephine biopsy in patients evaluated for cytopenias, haematological malignancy or marrow infiltration: a hospital-based prospective cross-sectional study.
Agreement of marrow cellularity assessment on aspiration smears and trephine biopsy sections in adults undergoing simultaneous bone marrow examination: a comparative cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic contribution of trephine biopsy in cases with haemodilute or inadequate bone marrow aspirates, using final integrated diagnosis as outcome: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Aetiological spectrum of dry tap bone marrow aspirations and corresponding trephine biopsy findings, including fibrosis, packed marrow and metastatic infiltration: a retrospective study.
Diagnostic yield of bone marrow imprint cytology in dry tap cases using trephine biopsy histopathology as reference standard: a cross-sectional diagnostic accuracy study.
Correlation of bone marrow aspiration differential counts with trephine cellular composition in newly diagnosed haematological disorders: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Inter-observer agreement for bone marrow cellularity estimation on trephine biopsy sections using standardized age-adjusted criteria: an archival blinded microscopy study.
Inter-observer agreement for myeloid-to-erythroid ratio estimation on bone marrow aspirates using standardized differential counting: an archival blinded morphology study.
Diagnostic concordance of megakaryocyte number and morphology on marrow aspirates and trephine biopsies in patients with thrombocytopenia: a cross-sectional agreement study.
Correlation of peripheral platelet count with marrow megakaryocyte number and morphology in adults undergoing evaluation for thrombocytopenia: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic contribution of Perls Prussian blue stain for marrow iron assessment in adults with unexplained anaemia, using serum ferritin and transferrin saturation as comparators: a cross-sectional study.
Correlation of bone marrow iron grade with serum ferritin in adults investigated for anaemia, using Perls Prussian blue-stained marrow smears as morphological assessment: a cross-sectional study.
Inter-observer agreement for bone marrow iron grading on Perls Prussian blue-stained aspirate smears using standardized semiquantitative criteria: an archival blinded study.
Diagnostic contribution of reticulin staining in trephine biopsies from patients with suspected myeloproliferative or infiltrative marrow disease: a retrospective cross-sectional study using final integrated diagnosis.
Inter-observer agreement for bone marrow reticulin fibrosis grading using standardized criteria on trephine biopsy sections: an archival blinded microscopy study.
Correlation of peripheral blood leukoerythroblastosis with marrow fibrosis or infiltration on trephine biopsy in adults undergoing bone marrow examination: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic accuracy of peripheral smear leukoerythroblastic reaction for marrow infiltration using trephine biopsy as reference standard: a hospital-based diagnostic accuracy study.
Diagnostic yield of bone marrow examination in unexplained fever with cytopenias, using granulomas, haemophagocytosis, malignancy and other significant marrow findings as outcomes: a retrospective study.
Frequency and diagnostic significance of incidental marrow findings in patients undergoing bone marrow examination for isolated anaemia or thrombocytopenia: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Bone marrow laboratory audit for specimen adequacy, aspirate quality, trephine length, imprint preparation, special stains and aspirate-biopsy concordance: a retrospective quality indicator study.

Platelet Disorders and Thrombocytopenia

Aetiological spectrum of thrombocytopenia in adult inpatients using complete blood count, peripheral smear and clinical diagnosis, with platelet count severity as outcome: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic accuracy of mean platelet volume for distinguishing peripheral platelet destruction from decreased marrow production, using marrow megakaryocyte findings and final clinical diagnosis as reference: a cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic performance of platelet distribution width for differentiating peripheral destructive from hypoproductive thrombocytopenia, using bone marrow examination where clinically indicated as reference: a cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic utility of immature platelet fraction for distinguishing peripheral destruction from decreased platelet production in thrombocytopenic adults, using final clinicopathological diagnosis as reference: a cross-sectional study where routinely available.
Comparative diagnostic performance of mean platelet volume and immature platelet fraction in adults with thrombocytopenia, using bone marrow and clinical diagnosis as comparators: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Correlation of automated platelet indices with megakaryocyte number and morphology in bone marrow aspirates from adults evaluated for thrombocytopenia: a cross-sectional morphology-laboratory study.
Diagnostic accuracy of peripheral smear giant platelets for immune thrombocytopenia, using clinical diagnosis and marrow megakaryocyte findings where available as reference standards: a cross-sectional study.
Bone marrow megakaryocyte morphology in adults with clinically diagnosed immune thrombocytopenia, correlated with platelet count and mean platelet volume: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Comparative platelet indices in immune thrombocytopenia and aplastic anaemia, using final clinicopathological diagnosis as reference standard: a comparative cross-sectional study.
Comparative platelet indices in immune thrombocytopenia and megaloblastic anaemia presenting with thrombocytopenia, using vitamin studies and final clinical diagnosis as references: a cross-sectional study.
Frequency and causes of pseudothrombocytopenia among automated platelet counts below reference range, using peripheral smear and repeat citrate sample counts as reference: a prospective laboratory study.
Diagnostic performance of automated platelet clump flags for ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-associated pseudothrombocytopenia using peripheral smear examination as reference standard: a cross-sectional study.
Agreement of automated impedance and optical platelet counting methods in thrombocytopenic samples, using peripheral smear assessment as comparator where available: a laboratory comparative cross-sectional study.
Correlation of plateletcrit with platelet count and mean platelet volume across common causes of thrombocytopenia in adults: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Haematological characteristics of reactive thrombocytosis in adults with infection, iron deficiency and inflammatory conditions, correlated with underlying clinical diagnosis: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic differentiation of reactive thrombocytosis from myeloproliferative neoplasm-associated thrombocytosis using complete blood count, peripheral smear and bone marrow morphology: a cross-sectional study.
Correlation of platelet count with inflammatory leucocyte changes in patients with acute infection-associated thrombocytosis: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Frequency and morphological causes of spuriously low platelet counts in routine haematology samples, using peripheral smear and repeat analysis as reference: a prospective laboratory audit.
Inter-observer agreement for grading platelet size and estimating platelet number on peripheral blood smears from thrombocytopenic patients: a blinded morphology agreement study.
Laboratory audit of thrombocytopenia samples for analyser flags, smear review, repeat testing, pseudothrombocytopenia detection and clinically significant corrected reports: a retrospective quality study.

Dengue, Malaria and Infection-Associated Haematological Changes

Temporal haematological profile of laboratory-confirmed dengue across early and critical phases using leucocyte count, haematocrit and platelet count, with nadir platelet count as outcome: a prospective observational study.
Correlation of platelet count with mean platelet volume and platelet distribution width in laboratory-confirmed dengue during thrombocytopenic phases: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic performance of immature platelet fraction for predicting platelet count recovery within routine short-term follow-up in dengue-associated thrombocytopenia: a prospective observational study where routinely available.
Correlation of immature platelet fraction with platelet count and subsequent platelet rise in laboratory-confirmed dengue, using serial routine complete blood counts as comparator: a prospective observational study.
Frequency and degree of leucopenia, thrombocytopenia and haemoconcentration in laboratory-confirmed dengue patients presenting during monsoon months: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Association of peripheral blood reactive lymphocytes with phase of illness and leucocyte count in laboratory-confirmed dengue: a prospective smear-based cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic accuracy of platelet count and haematocrit changes for clinically recognized dengue warning features, using standard clinical assessment as reference: a prospective observational study.
Comparative platelet indices in dengue-associated thrombocytopenia and immune thrombocytopenia, using final clinical diagnosis as reference standard: a comparative cross-sectional study.
Comparative immature platelet fraction in dengue-associated thrombocytopenia and marrow hypoproduction, using final clinicopathological diagnosis as reference standard: a cross-sectional study where routinely available.
Peripheral blood smear morphology in laboratory-confirmed dengue, focusing on reactive lymphocytes and platelet morphology, correlated with complete blood count parameters: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Haematological profile of microscopy-confirmed malaria using haemoglobin, leucocyte count and platelet count, correlated with parasite species and parasitaemia: a monsoon-season cross-sectional study.
Correlation of thrombocytopenia severity with peripheral blood parasitaemia in microscopy-confirmed malaria: a hospital-based cross-sectional study using quantitative or semiquantitative parasite burden as index parameter.
Comparative haematological profile of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum malaria using haemoglobin, leucocyte count, platelet count and peripheral smear parasite density: a cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic performance of thrombocytopenia as a screening parameter for malaria among febrile patients undergoing peripheral smear examination, using microscopy as reference standard: a cross-sectional study.
Morphological spectrum of anaemia in microscopy-confirmed malaria, correlated with parasitaemia and reticulocyte response: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Frequency and severity of bicytopenia and pancytopenia in malaria, correlated with parasite species and peripheral smear parasite burden: a monsoon-season cross-sectional study.
Correlation of neutrophil toxic changes on peripheral smear with culture-confirmed or clinically documented bacterial sepsis in adults: a cross-sectional diagnostic correlation study.
Haematological profile of sepsis using leucocyte count, neutrophil morphology, platelet count and red cell distribution width, correlated with clinical severity at sampling: a prospective observational study.
Spectrum of bone marrow findings in patients with prolonged fever and cytopenias, correlated with tuberculosis, visceral leishmaniasis and other documented infections: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Laboratory audit of peripheral smear examination for malaria and febrile cytopenias during monsoon months, assessing positivity, species identification, platelet abnormalities and reporting turnaround time: a retrospective quality study.

Leukocytosis, Leukopenia and Eosinophilia

Aetiological spectrum of leukocytosis in adult inpatients using automated leucocyte parameters, peripheral smear morphology and final clinical diagnosis: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic accuracy of peripheral smear toxic neutrophil changes for reactive neutrophilic leukocytosis, using documented bacterial infection as reference standard: a cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic differentiation of reactive neutrophilia from chronic myeloid leukaemia using peripheral smear morphology and bone marrow examination with routine confirmatory testing as reference: a cross-sectional study.
Correlation of absolute neutrophil count with toxic granulation and left shift in adults with acute bacterial infection: a hospital-based cross-sectional morphology-laboratory study.
Aetiological spectrum of lymphocytosis in adults using peripheral smear morphology and final clinical diagnosis, with routine flow cytometry where clinically indicated as reference: a retrospective study.
Diagnostic utility of atypical lymphocyte morphology for reactive viral lymphocytosis, using documented infectious diagnosis as reference standard: a cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic differentiation of reactive lymphocytosis from chronic lymphoproliferative disorders using peripheral smear morphology and routine flow cytometric immunophenotyping as reference: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Aetiological spectrum of monocytosis in adult patients using complete blood count, peripheral smear and clinical diagnosis, with marrow examination where clinically indicated: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Correlation of basophilia severity with total leucocyte count and marrow myeloid proliferation in patients evaluated for chronic myeloid neoplasms: a cross-sectional study.
Aetiological spectrum of eosinophilia in adults using absolute eosinophil count, peripheral smear and clinical diagnosis, emphasizing parasitic, allergic and drug-related causes: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Correlation of absolute eosinophil count with clinical category in reactive eosinophilia due to parasitic, allergic and drug-related conditions: a cross-sectional study.
Bone marrow morphology in persistent unexplained eosinophilia, correlated with peripheral absolute eosinophil count and final clinicopathological diagnosis: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic yield of stool examination and routine clinical work-up in patients with peripheral eosinophilia, using identified parasitic infection as outcome: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Frequency and causes of leucopenia in adult inpatients using differential leucocyte count, peripheral smear and final clinical diagnosis: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Aetiological profile of neutropenia in adults using absolute neutrophil count, medication history and marrow examination where clinically indicated: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Correlation of neutropenia severity with marrow granulocytic cellularity in adults undergoing clinically indicated bone marrow examination: a cross-sectional morphology-laboratory study.
Frequency and causes of lymphopenia in adult medical patients, correlated with documented infections, immunosuppressive therapy and systemic disease: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic yield of peripheral smear review in unexplained leukocytosis or leukopenia after automated complete blood count, measured by clinically significant morphological findings: a prospective laboratory study.
Inter-observer agreement for recognition of reactive lymphocytes, immature myeloid cells and blasts in abnormal peripheral blood smears: a blinded morphology agreement study.
Laboratory audit of leukocytosis and leukopenia samples for automated flags, peripheral smear review, repeat testing and final diagnostic categorization: a retrospective quality indicator study.

Acute Leukaemia

Morphological spectrum of newly diagnosed acute leukaemia in peripheral blood and bone marrow aspirates, correlated with routine flow cytometric lineage assignment: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic accuracy of peripheral blood blast morphology for distinguishing acute myeloid from lymphoblastic leukaemia, using bone marrow flow cytometric immunophenotyping as reference standard: a cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic accuracy of myeloperoxidase cytochemistry for myeloid lineage assignment in acute leukaemia, using routine flow cytometric immunophenotyping as reference standard: a retrospective diagnostic study.
Comparative diagnostic performance of myeloperoxidase and Sudan Black B cytochemistry for acute myeloid leukaemia, using integrated marrow diagnosis as reference standard: a cross-sectional study.
Correlation of peripheral blood blast percentage with bone marrow blast percentage in newly diagnosed acute leukaemia: a hospital-based cross-sectional study using paired samples at diagnosis.
Agreement between bone marrow aspirate and trephine biopsy assessment of blast burden in acute leukaemia at diagnosis: a comparative cross-sectional study.
Frequency and morphological causes of dry tap in acute leukaemia, using trephine biopsy and imprint cytology as diagnostic comparators: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic contribution of bone marrow imprint cytology in acute leukaemia cases with inadequate aspirates, using trephine biopsy and immunophenotyping as reference: a retrospective study.
Haematological profile of acute myeloid leukaemia at diagnosis using haemoglobin, leucocyte count, platelet count and marrow blast percentage: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Correlation of total leucocyte count with peripheral and marrow blast burden in newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukaemia: a cross-sectional clinicopathological study.
Haematological profile of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia at diagnosis using complete blood count, peripheral smear, marrow morphology and routine immunophenotyping: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Comparative haematological features of myeloid and lymphoblastic acute leukaemia at diagnosis using complete blood count and marrow morphology, with immunophenotyping as reference: a comparative cross-sectional study.
Morphological and cytochemical characteristics of acute promyelocytic leukaemia, correlated with routine immunophenotypic diagnosis and coagulation abnormalities at presentation: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Frequency of disseminated intravascular coagulation laboratory abnormalities in newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukaemia, correlated with platelet count and marrow morphology: a retrospective study.
Diagnostic performance of peripheral smear features suggestive of acute promyelocytic leukaemia, using integrated bone marrow and immunophenotypic diagnosis as reference standard: a cross-sectional study.
Correlation of anaemia and thrombocytopenia severity with marrow blast percentage in newly diagnosed acute leukaemia: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Frequency and morphological spectrum of dysplastic changes in non-promyelocytic acute myeloid leukaemia, correlated with final integrated diagnostic category: an archival cross-sectional study.
Inter-observer agreement for blast percentage estimation in bone marrow aspirates from acute leukaemia using standardized differential counting: an archival blinded morphology study.
Concordance between initial morphology-based lineage impression and routine flow cytometric immunophenotypic diagnosis in newly diagnosed acute leukaemia: a retrospective diagnostic agreement study.
Laboratory audit of acute leukaemia diagnostic work-up for peripheral smear, marrow adequacy, cytochemistry, flow cytometry and integrated reporting: a retrospective quality study.

Chronic Myeloid and Other Myeloproliferative Neoplasms

Peripheral blood and bone marrow morphological profile of newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukaemia, correlated with routine confirmatory testing performed for clinical diagnosis: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Correlation of total leucocyte count with marrow myeloid-to-erythroid ratio and splenomegaly in newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukaemia: a cross-sectional clinicopathological study.
Correlation of peripheral blood basophil percentage with marrow morphology and disease phase in patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic differentiation of reactive leukocytosis from chronic myeloid leukaemia using peripheral smear morphology and routine confirmatory testing as reference standard: a cross-sectional diagnostic accuracy study.
Agreement of peripheral blood and bone marrow blast percentages in chronic myeloid leukaemia with advanced disease, using paired samples as comparators: a retrospective agreement study.
Bone marrow megakaryocyte morphology in chronic myeloid leukaemia compared with other myeloproliferative neoplasms, using integrated diagnosis as reference: an archival comparative cross-sectional study.
Histomorphological characteristics of polycythaemia vera on bone marrow trephine biopsy using panmyelosis and megakaryocyte morphology, correlated with complete blood count parameters: a retrospective study.
Diagnostic utility of marrow panmyelosis for polycythaemia vera in adults with persistent erythrocytosis, using final integrated clinical diagnosis as reference standard: an archival diagnostic study.
Histomorphological characteristics of essential thrombocythaemia using megakaryocyte size, nuclear lobulation and clustering, correlated with platelet count at diagnosis: an archival cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic differentiation of essential thrombocythaemia from reactive thrombocytosis using peripheral smear and marrow megakaryocyte morphology, with final integrated diagnosis as reference: a cross-sectional study.
Histomorphological spectrum of primary myelofibrosis using megakaryocyte atypia, marrow cellularity and reticulin fibrosis grade, correlated with peripheral blood findings: an archival study.
Correlation of marrow reticulin fibrosis grade with haemoglobin, leucocyte count, platelet count and leukoerythroblastosis in primary myelofibrosis: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Inter-observer agreement for reticulin fibrosis grading in suspected primary myelofibrosis using standardized grading criteria: an archival blinded microscopy study.
Inter-observer agreement for megakaryocyte morphological assessment in essential thrombocythaemia and primary myelofibrosis using standardized criteria: an archival blinded study.
Comparative marrow morphology of essential thrombocythaemia and prefibrotic primary myelofibrosis using megakaryocyte architecture and cellularity as index parameters: an archival diagnostic study.
Frequency and morphological characteristics of iron deficiency in patients with erythrocytosis undergoing evaluation for polycythaemia vera, using marrow iron and serum ferritin: a cross-sectional study.
Correlation of splenomegaly with marrow fibrosis grade and peripheral leukoerythroblastosis in primary myelofibrosis: a retrospective clinicopathological study.
Diagnostic contribution of trephine biopsy in patients with suspected myeloproliferative neoplasm and non-diagnostic aspirate findings: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Concordance between morphology-based marrow classification and final integrated diagnosis in common myeloproliferative neoplasms: an archival diagnostic agreement study.
Histopathology audit of bone marrow trephine biopsies in myeloproliferative neoplasms for cellularity, megakaryocyte morphology, reticulin fibrosis and integrated reporting completeness: a retrospective quality study.

Myelodysplastic Neoplasms and Unexplained Cytopenias

Morphological spectrum of myelodysplasia in adults with persistent unexplained cytopenias, using bone marrow aspirate and trephine morphology with final integrated diagnosis as reference: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Frequency and distribution of erythroid, granulocytic and megakaryocytic dysplasia in newly diagnosed myelodysplastic neoplasms: an archival cross-sectional study using standardized morphological criteria.
Inter-observer agreement for erythroid dysplasia assessment in bone marrow aspirates from adults with suspected myelodysplastic neoplasm: an archival blinded microscopy study.
Inter-observer agreement for granulocytic dysplasia assessment in bone marrow aspirates from adults with suspected myelodysplastic neoplasm: an archival blinded microscopy study.
Inter-observer agreement for megakaryocytic dysplasia assessment in marrow aspirates and trephine biopsies from suspected myelodysplastic neoplasms: an archival blinded study.
Diagnostic differentiation of megaloblastic anaemia from myelodysplastic neoplasm using peripheral smear, vitamin B12 status and marrow morphology, with final integrated diagnosis as reference: a retrospective study.
Diagnostic differentiation of reactive marrow dysplasia from myelodysplastic neoplasm in adults with cytopenias using clinical history and repeat or trephine morphology where available: a retrospective study.
Correlation of peripheral blood cytopenia pattern with number of dysplastic marrow lineages in newly diagnosed myelodysplastic neoplasms: an archival cross-sectional study.
Correlation of marrow blast percentage with severity of anaemia, neutropenia and thrombocytopenia in myelodysplastic neoplasms: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Agreement between bone marrow aspirate and trephine biopsy for blast percentage and cellularity assessment in myelodysplastic neoplasms: a comparative archival study.
Frequency and morphological characteristics of ring sideroblasts in patients with suspected myelodysplastic neoplasm using Perls Prussian blue-stained marrow aspirates: an archival cross-sectional study.
Inter-observer agreement for ring sideroblast quantification in Perls Prussian blue-stained bone marrow smears using standardized counting criteria: an archival blinded study.
Correlation of marrow iron stores with haemoglobin and red cell indices in patients with myelodysplastic neoplasms: an archival cross-sectional study using Perls Prussian blue staining.
Frequency and causes of macrocytosis among adults evaluated for myelodysplastic neoplasms, correlated with marrow dysplasia and vitamin status: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic contribution of trephine biopsy architecture to classification of suspected myelodysplastic neoplasms when aspirate morphology is equivocal: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Frequency of marrow fibrosis in myelodysplastic neoplasms and its correlation with cytopenia severity and marrow cellularity: an archival cross-sectional study using reticulin staining.
Diagnostic yield of bone marrow examination in elderly adults with unexplained isolated macrocytic anaemia, using final integrated diagnosis as outcome: a retrospective study.
Diagnostic yield of bone marrow examination in persistent unexplained bicytopenia after exclusion of nutritional deficiency, using final clinicopathological diagnosis as outcome: a retrospective study.
Concordance between initial morphology-based diagnosis and final integrated diagnosis in adults evaluated for myelodysplastic neoplasm: a retrospective diagnostic agreement study.
Bone marrow laboratory audit of suspected myelodysplastic neoplasms for aspirate adequacy, dysplasia documentation, blast count, iron stain, trephine assessment and final diagnostic integration: a retrospective study.

Plasma Cell Neoplasms

Correlation of bone marrow plasma cell percentage with serum monoclonal protein concentration in newly diagnosed plasma cell myeloma: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Agreement between bone marrow aspirate and trephine biopsy for plasma cell percentage in patients with suspected plasma cell myeloma: a comparative cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic contribution of trephine biopsy in plasma cell myeloma cases with low aspirate plasma cell percentage or haemodilute marrow: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Morphological spectrum of plasma cells in newly diagnosed plasma cell myeloma using mature, plasmablastic and pleomorphic features, correlated with marrow plasma cell burden: an archival study.
Correlation of haemoglobin, serum creatinine and calcium with marrow plasma cell percentage in newly diagnosed plasma cell myeloma: a hospital-based cross-sectional clinicopathological study.
Correlation of erythrocyte sedimentation rate with serum monoclonal protein and marrow plasma cell percentage in patients evaluated for plasma cell myeloma: a cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic accuracy of rouleaux formation on peripheral blood smear for monoclonal gammopathy, using serum protein electrophoresis as reference standard: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic utility of serum protein electrophoresis for plasma cell myeloma among patients with anaemia, renal dysfunction or bone pain, using integrated clinical and marrow diagnosis as reference: a cross-sectional study.
Correlation of monoclonal band concentration on serum protein electrophoresis with bone marrow plasma cell percentage in plasma cell myeloma: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic contribution of immunohistochemical light-chain restriction on trephine biopsy in suspected plasma cell neoplasm, using final integrated diagnosis as reference standard: an archival study.
Diagnostic performance of cluster of differentiation 138 immunohistochemistry for quantifying marrow plasma cells, using final integrated plasma cell neoplasm diagnosis as reference: an archival cross-sectional study.
Agreement between morphology-based and cluster of differentiation 138-assisted plasma cell percentage estimation in bone marrow trephine biopsies: an archival blinded comparative study.
Correlation of marrow plasma cell infiltration pattern with peripheral cytopenias in newly diagnosed plasma cell myeloma: an archival cross-sectional study.
Frequency and morphology of amyloid deposition in bone marrow biopsies from patients with plasma cell neoplasms using Congo red staining: an archival cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic yield of Congo red staining in marrow biopsies from patients with plasma cell myeloma and clinical suspicion of amyloidosis: a retrospective diagnostic study.
Frequency and haematological characteristics of plasma cell myeloma presenting with pancytopenia, correlated with marrow infiltration pattern: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic differentiation of reactive plasmacytosis from plasma cell neoplasm using marrow morphology and light-chain restriction, with final integrated diagnosis as reference: an archival study.
Inter-observer agreement for plasma cell percentage estimation on bone marrow aspirates in suspected plasma cell myeloma: an archival blinded morphology study.
Concordance between serum protein electrophoresis and bone marrow examination in patients evaluated for plasma cell neoplasms, using final integrated diagnosis as reference: a retrospective study.
Laboratory audit of plasma cell neoplasm work-up for peripheral smear, serum protein electrophoresis, marrow examination, plasma cell quantification and light-chain assessment: a retrospective quality study.

Lymphadenopathy and Lymphoma

Cytomorphological spectrum of lymphadenopathy evaluated by fine needle aspiration cytology in a tertiary teaching hospital, correlated with histopathology in cases with subsequent biopsy: a cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic accuracy of fine needle aspiration cytology for tuberculous lymphadenitis against histopathology and microbiological evidence where available as reference standards: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic utility of caseous necrosis and epithelioid granulomas on lymph node cytology for tuberculosis, using final clinicopathological diagnosis as reference standard: a diagnostic accuracy study.
Diagnostic yield of Ziehl-Neelsen staining in cytologically suspected tuberculous lymphadenitis, using final clinicopathological diagnosis as reference: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Cytomorphological spectrum of reactive lymphadenopathy and correlation with lymph node histopathology in biopsied cases: a retrospective cytohistological correlation study.
Diagnostic accuracy of lymph node fine needle aspiration cytology for metastatic malignancy against subsequent histopathology as reference standard: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic accuracy of lymph node fine needle aspiration cytology for lymphoma using excision biopsy histopathology as reference standard: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Analysis of false-negative lymphoma diagnoses on lymph node fine needle aspiration cytology using subsequent excision biopsy and retrospective smear review: a diagnostic discrepancy audit.
Cytomorphological features associated with lymphoma on lymph node aspirates, using excision biopsy histopathology as reference standard: an archival diagnostic study.
Histopathological spectrum of lymph node biopsies from adults with persistent lymphadenopathy, including reactive, infectious, metastatic and lymphomatous lesions: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Histopathological spectrum of tuberculous lymphadenitis using granuloma pattern, necrosis and Ziehl-Neelsen staining, correlated with available microbiological diagnosis: an archival cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic differentiation of reactive follicular hyperplasia from follicular lymphoma using architecture and a basic immunohistochemistry panel, with final integrated diagnosis as reference: an archival study.
Histopathological spectrum of classical Hodgkin lymphoma using morphological subtype and basic immunohistochemistry, correlated with age and anatomical site: an archival cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic performance of cluster of differentiation 30, cluster of differentiation 15 and paired box gene 5 immunohistochemistry for classical Hodgkin lymphoma against final integrated diagnosis: an archival study.
Histopathological spectrum of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma using morphology, basic B-cell markers and Ki-67, correlated with age and extranodal versus nodal presentation: an archival study.
Correlation of Ki-67 proliferation index with histomorphological features in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: an archival cross-sectional immunohistochemical study.
Histopathological spectrum of common mature B-cell lymphomas in lymph node biopsies using morphology and routinely available immunohistochemistry: an archival cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic concordance between fine needle aspiration cytology and excision biopsy for benign versus malignant lymphadenopathy: a retrospective paired-specimen agreement study.
Diagnostic concordance between cytological suspicion of lymphoma and histological lymphoma subtype in patients with paired lymph node specimens: a retrospective study.
Histopathology audit of lymph node specimens for adequacy, morphology, rational immunohistochemistry use, final diagnosis and cytohistological concordance: a retrospective quality study.

Coagulation Disorders and Routine Coagulation Testing

Spectrum of prolonged prothrombin time in adult patients using mixing studies and available clinical diagnosis to classify factor deficiency, anticoagulant effect and liver-related coagulopathy: a cross-sectional study.
Spectrum of isolated prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time in adults using mixing studies and clinically indicated factor assays as reference investigations: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic utility of immediate mixing study for differentiating coagulation factor deficiency from inhibitor patterns in patients with prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time: a cross-sectional study.
Agreement of prothrombin time results between two routinely used reagent or analyser systems across normal and prolonged ranges: a comparative cross-sectional laboratory study.
Agreement of activated partial thromboplastin time measurements between two routine laboratory platforms across normal and prolonged ranges: a comparative cross-sectional study.
Effect of underfilled citrate tubes on prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time, using correctly filled paired samples as reference: a controlled prospective laboratory study.
Effect of delayed plasma separation on prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time, using recommended processing time as reference: a prospective laboratory study.
Effect of sample storage duration on routine coagulation test results in citrated plasma, using immediate testing as reference: a prospective observational laboratory study.
Frequency and causes of rejected coagulation samples in a tertiary hospital laboratory, including underfilling, clotting and labelling errors: a retrospective pre-analytical quality audit.
Diagnostic yield of repeat sampling for unexpectedly prolonged coagulation tests, using confirmed persistent abnormality as outcome: a retrospective laboratory audit.
Correlation of prothrombin time prolongation with serum albumin and bilirubin in adults with chronic liver disease: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Correlation of routine coagulation parameters with platelet count in adults with decompensated chronic liver disease: a cross-sectional clinicopathological study.
Coagulation profile of patients with chronic kidney disease using prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time and platelet count, correlated with renal dysfunction severity: a cross-sectional study.
Coagulation profile of adults with sepsis using prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen, D-dimer and platelet count, correlated with clinical severity at sampling: a prospective study.
Diagnostic performance of routine coagulation tests for laboratory-defined disseminated intravascular coagulation in sepsis, using standardized clinical laboratory scoring as reference: a cross-sectional study.
Laboratory profile of inherited coagulation factor deficiency cases using screening coagulation tests and available factor assays, correlated with bleeding history: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Correlation of factor VIII activity with activated partial thromboplastin time in patients with haemophilia A undergoing routine laboratory evaluation: a cross-sectional study.
Correlation of factor IX activity with activated partial thromboplastin time in patients with haemophilia B undergoing routine laboratory evaluation: a cross-sectional study.
Frequency and causes of discordance between bleeding history and routine coagulation screening tests in patients referred for haemostasis evaluation: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Coagulation laboratory audit for sample rejection, mixing studies, repeat testing, critical values and turnaround time in routine hospital practice: a retrospective quality indicator study.

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation and Critical Care Haematology

Haematological and coagulation profile of sepsis-associated disseminated intravascular coagulation using platelet count, prothrombin time, fibrinogen and D-dimer at diagnosis: a prospective observational study.
Diagnostic performance of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis disseminated intravascular coagulation score in septic adults using clinician-adjudicated final diagnosis as reference: a cross-sectional study.
Correlation of platelet count with D-dimer and fibrinogen in adults with sepsis-associated disseminated intravascular coagulation: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Correlation of schistocyte percentage with coagulation abnormalities in sepsis-associated disseminated intravascular coagulation: a cross-sectional morphology-laboratory study.
Comparative laboratory profile of sepsis-associated disseminated intravascular coagulation and non-disseminated intravascular coagulation sepsis using platelet and coagulation parameters: a comparative cross-sectional study.
Haematological profile of obstetric disseminated intravascular coagulation using platelet count, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen and D-dimer: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Comparative coagulation abnormalities in obstetric haemorrhage with and without disseminated intravascular coagulation using routine haemostasis parameters: a retrospective comparative study.
Frequency and severity of thrombocytopenia in adult intensive care patients, correlated with sepsis, liver dysfunction, renal dysfunction and final clinical diagnosis: a prospective cross-sectional study.
Aetiological spectrum of new-onset thrombocytopenia in intensive care patients using serial platelet counts and clinical diagnoses: a prospective observational study.
Correlation of red cell distribution width with anaemia severity and inflammatory parameters in critically ill adults at admission: a prospective cross-sectional study.
Correlation of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio with sepsis severity at hospital admission, using routine complete blood count and standard clinical severity assessment: a prospective observational study.
Correlation of platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio with clinical severity in adults with sepsis, using routine complete blood count at admission: a prospective cross-sectional study.
Comparative prognostic association of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio and red cell distribution width with short in-hospital outcomes in sepsis: a prospective observational study.
Peripheral smear morphology in critically ill patients with thrombocytopenia, assessing schistocytes, toxic neutrophil changes and nucleated red blood cells, correlated with clinical diagnosis: a cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic accuracy of schistocyte assessment for microangiopathic haemolysis among critically ill adults with anaemia and thrombocytopenia, using final clinicopathological diagnosis as reference standard: a cross-sectional study.
Frequency and clinical correlates of nucleated red blood cells in adult intensive care patients, using routine peripheral smear and complete blood count at sampling: a prospective cross-sectional study.
Haematological profile of severe bacterial sepsis using serial haemoglobin, leucocyte and platelet counts during the first routine inpatient evaluations: a prospective observational study.
Comparative haematological profile of culture-positive and culture-negative sepsis using leucocyte count, neutrophil morphology and platelet parameters: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Frequency of laboratory-defined coagulopathy in critically ill adults and its association with sepsis, liver disease and massive transfusion: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Laboratory audit of critical haematology and coagulation values in intensive care patients for notification, repeat testing, smear review and reporting turnaround time: a retrospective quality study.

Haematological Disorders in Pregnancy

Prevalence and morphological spectrum of anaemia among pregnant women attending a tertiary hospital, using complete blood count, red cell indices and peripheral smear examination: a cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic accuracy of red cell indices for iron deficiency anaemia in pregnancy, using serum ferritin as reference standard: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Correlation of serum ferritin with haemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume and red cell distribution width in pregnant women with anaemia: a cross-sectional clinicopathological study.
Frequency and haematological profile of combined iron and vitamin B12 deficiency among pregnant women with anaemia, using ferritin and vitamin B12 assays as references: a cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic performance of peripheral smear morphology for nutritional anaemia in pregnancy, using iron and vitamin assays as reference standards: a cross-sectional diagnostic study.
Prevalence and aetiological spectrum of thrombocytopenia in pregnancy using platelet count, peripheral smear and final obstetric clinical diagnosis: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Comparative platelet indices in gestational thrombocytopenia and immune thrombocytopenia during pregnancy, using final clinical diagnosis as reference standard: a comparative cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic utility of mean platelet volume for differentiating gestational thrombocytopenia from immune thrombocytopenia, using final obstetric-haematological diagnosis as reference: a cross-sectional study.
Correlation of platelet count and mean platelet volume with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in women undergoing routine haematological evaluation: a cross-sectional study.
Haematological profile of pre-eclampsia using haemoglobin, haematocrit, platelet count and peripheral smear parameters, correlated with disease severity at diagnosis: a cross-sectional study.
Laboratory profile of haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelet count syndrome using platelet count, peripheral smear and haemolysis parameters, correlated with clinical diagnosis: a retrospective study.
Frequency and extent of schistocytosis in women with haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelet count syndrome, correlated with platelet count and lactate dehydrogenase: a cross-sectional study.
Coagulation profile in severe pre-eclampsia using prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen and platelet count, correlated with obstetric complications at presentation: a cross-sectional study.
Haematological and coagulation profile of postpartum haemorrhage using serial haemoglobin, platelet count and routine coagulation parameters, correlated with blood component utilisation: a retrospective study.
Prevalence and chromatographic pattern of haemoglobinopathies among pregnant women referred for screening using high performance liquid chromatography: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic accuracy of red cell discriminant indices for beta-thalassaemia trait in pregnancy, using high performance liquid chromatography as reference standard: a cross-sectional study.
Comparative haematological profile of iron deficiency anaemia and beta-thalassaemia trait in pregnant women with microcytosis, using definitive laboratory diagnosis as reference: a cross-sectional study.
Frequency of anaemia, thrombocytopenia and leucocyte abnormalities in pregnant women with malaria or dengue during monsoon months: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Correlation of maternal haemoglobin concentration with red cell morphology and anaemia aetiology in women presenting for delivery: a cross-sectional observational study.
Laboratory audit of anaemia and thrombocytopenia evaluation in pregnancy for smear review, ferritin testing, high performance liquid chromatography and repeat platelet verification: a retrospective quality study.

Paediatric Haematology

Morphological and aetiological spectrum of anaemia in children undergoing routine haematological evaluation, using red cell indices, peripheral smear and clinically indicated biochemical tests: a cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic accuracy of red cell indices for iron deficiency anaemia in children, using serum ferritin as reference standard: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Correlation of red cell distribution width with serum ferritin and smear anisocytosis in children with iron deficiency anaemia: a cross-sectional morphology-laboratory study.
Diagnostic performance of Mentzer index for distinguishing iron deficiency anaemia from beta-thalassaemia trait in children with microcytosis, using high performance liquid chromatography as reference: a cross-sectional study.
Comparative red cell indices in paediatric iron deficiency anaemia and beta-thalassaemia trait, using serum ferritin and high performance liquid chromatography as reference investigations: a cross-sectional study.
Haematological profile of children with beta-thalassaemia major receiving regular transfusions, using pre-transfusion complete blood count and peripheral smear parameters: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Haematological profile of paediatric sickle cell disease using complete blood count, reticulocyte parameters and high performance liquid chromatography, correlated with haemoglobin concentration: a cross-sectional study.
Aetiological spectrum of pancytopenia in children undergoing bone marrow examination, using aspirate and trephine findings as diagnostic reference: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic accuracy of peripheral smear blast identification for childhood acute leukaemia, using bone marrow morphology and routine immunophenotyping as reference standard: a cross-sectional study.
Haematological profile of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia at diagnosis using complete blood count, peripheral smear and bone marrow blast percentage: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Correlation of peripheral blood blast percentage with marrow blast burden in newly diagnosed childhood acute leukaemia: a cross-sectional paired-sample study.
Aetiological spectrum of thrombocytopenia in children using platelet count, peripheral smear and final clinical diagnosis: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Comparative platelet indices in paediatric immune thrombocytopenia and infection-associated thrombocytopenia, using final clinical diagnosis as reference: a comparative cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic utility of mean platelet volume for paediatric immune thrombocytopenia, using clinical diagnosis and marrow findings where available as reference standard: a cross-sectional study.
Haematological profile of laboratory-confirmed dengue in children using serial leucocyte, haematocrit and platelet measurements during routine care: a prospective observational study.
Haematological profile of microscopy-confirmed paediatric malaria using haemoglobin, leucocyte count, platelet count and parasitaemia: a monsoon-season hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Bone marrow morphology in paediatric patients with prolonged fever and cytopenias, correlated with final infectious or haematological diagnosis: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic yield of bone marrow examination in children with unexplained cytopenias after peripheral blood and nutritional evaluation: a retrospective study using final diagnosis as outcome.
Inter-observer agreement for blast identification and classification on paediatric acute leukaemia bone marrow smears using routine morphology: an archival blinded study.
Laboratory audit of paediatric haematology samples for age-appropriate reference interpretation, smear review, critical values and diagnostic follow-up: a retrospective quality study.

Haematological Manifestations of Systemic Disease

Haematological profile of chronic kidney disease using haemoglobin, red cell indices and peripheral smear morphology, correlated with renal dysfunction stage: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Morphological spectrum of anaemia in chronic kidney disease using red cell indices and smear findings, correlated with serum creatinine and documented iron status: a cross-sectional study.
Frequency of iron deficiency among anaemic patients with chronic kidney disease using serum ferritin and transferrin saturation, correlated with red cell indices: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Haematological profile of chronic liver disease using haemoglobin, leucocyte count and platelet count, correlated with clinical severity and splenomegaly: a cross-sectional study.
Correlation of thrombocytopenia with splenomegaly and liver disease severity in adults with chronic liver disease: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Morphological spectrum of anaemia in chronic liver disease using peripheral smear and red cell indices, correlated with nutritional deficiency and hypersplenism: a cross-sectional study.
Haematological abnormalities in autoimmune disorders using anaemia pattern, leucocyte count and platelet count, correlated with final clinical disease category: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Frequency and laboratory profile of autoimmune haemolytic anaemia in patients with systemic autoimmune disorders, using direct antiglobulin test and biochemical haemolysis as reference parameters: a cross-sectional study.
Haematological profile of patients with solid malignancies before systemic therapy using anaemia, leucocyte and platelet parameters, correlated with tumour category: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Frequency and morphological pattern of anaemia in patients with solid malignancy, correlated with iron status and chronic inflammatory features: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Bone marrow findings in patients with solid malignancy and unexplained cytopenias, using trephine biopsy for detection of metastatic infiltration as primary outcome: a retrospective study.
Diagnostic accuracy of peripheral blood leukoerythroblastosis for bone marrow metastasis from solid malignancy, using trephine biopsy as reference standard: a cross-sectional study.
Haematological profile of hypothyroidism using haemoglobin, red cell indices and peripheral smear morphology, correlated with thyroid dysfunction severity: a cross-sectional study.
Frequency and morphological patterns of anaemia in patients with endocrine disorders, correlated with routine biochemical diagnosis: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Haematological profile of chronic inflammatory disease using haemoglobin, red cell indices, ferritin and platelet count, correlated with disease category: a cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic differentiation of iron deficiency anaemia from anaemia of chronic inflammation using red cell indices, ferritin and transferrin saturation, with integrated clinical diagnosis as reference: a cross-sectional study.
Frequency and causes of thrombocytopenia in chronic systemic diseases using peripheral smear and clinical diagnosis, with marrow examination where indicated: a retrospective study.
Comparative haematological profile of chronic kidney disease, chronic liver disease and chronic inflammatory disorders using routine complete blood count parameters: a comparative cross-sectional study.
Correlation of red cell distribution width with anaemia severity across chronic kidney, liver and inflammatory diseases: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Laboratory audit of unexplained cytopenias in systemic disease for smear review, nutritional investigations, haemolysis testing and marrow examination, with diagnostic yield as outcome: a retrospective study.

Reticulocyte and Advanced Red Cell and Platelet Parameters

Correlation of automated reticulocyte count with polychromasia grading on peripheral blood smear in adults with anaemia: a hospital-based cross-sectional morphology-laboratory study.
Diagnostic performance of absolute reticulocyte count for differentiating regenerative from hypoproliferative anaemia, using final clinicopathological diagnosis as reference standard: a cross-sectional study.
Comparative diagnostic performance of corrected reticulocyte count and reticulocyte production index in classifying anaemia by marrow response, using final diagnosis as reference: a cross-sectional study.
Correlation of immature reticulocyte fraction with marrow erythroid activity in adults undergoing clinically indicated bone marrow examination for anaemia: a cross-sectional study where routinely available.
Diagnostic utility of reticulocyte haemoglobin content for iron deficiency anaemia, using serum ferritin and transferrin saturation as reference standards: a hospital-based cross-sectional study where routinely available.
Diagnostic utility of reticulocyte haemoglobin content for functional iron deficiency in chronic kidney disease, using iron studies as reference standard: a cross-sectional study where routinely available.
Comparative diagnostic performance of reticulocyte haemoglobin content, mean corpuscular volume and red cell distribution width for iron deficiency, using ferritin as reference standard: a cross-sectional study.
Correlation of immature reticulocyte fraction with biochemical haemolysis in adults with haemolytic anaemia: a hospital-based cross-sectional study using bilirubin and lactate dehydrogenase as comparators.
Correlation of reticulocyte production index with marrow erythroid cellularity in adults with anaemia undergoing bone marrow examination: a cross-sectional morphology-laboratory study.
Diagnostic performance of red cell distribution width for differentiating iron deficiency anaemia from beta-thalassaemia trait, using ferritin and high performance liquid chromatography as reference standards: a cross-sectional study.
Correlation of percentage microcytic red cells with serum ferritin in adults with iron deficiency anaemia where the analyser parameter is routinely available: a cross-sectional study.
Correlation of percentage hypochromic red cells with transferrin saturation in adults with suspected iron-restricted erythropoiesis where routinely available: a cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic performance of mean platelet volume for peripheral destructive thrombocytopenia, using final clinicopathological diagnosis as reference standard: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic performance of platelet distribution width for distinguishing destructive from hypoproductive thrombocytopenia, using marrow and clinical diagnosis as reference: a cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic utility of immature platelet fraction for peripheral platelet destruction, using final clinicopathological diagnosis as reference standard: a cross-sectional study where routinely available.
Correlation of immature platelet fraction with marrow megakaryocyte number in patients with thrombocytopenia undergoing clinically indicated bone marrow examination: a cross-sectional study.
Comparative platelet indices in dengue-associated thrombocytopenia, immune thrombocytopenia and marrow hypoproduction, using final clinical diagnosis as reference: a comparative cross-sectional study.
Correlation of large platelet ratio with manually assessed giant platelets on peripheral smear in thrombocytopenic patients where the analyser parameter is routinely available: a cross-sectional study.
Inter-observer agreement for manual reticulocyte counting compared with automated reticulocyte analysis in anaemic blood samples: a comparative cross-sectional laboratory study.
Laboratory audit of advanced red cell and platelet parameters for clinical indication, reporting frequency and concordance with conventional morphology and biochemical tests: a retrospective quality study.

Transfusion Medicine and Blood Bank

Prevalence and reasons for blood donor deferral in a tertiary teaching hospital blood centre, stratified by temporary and permanent causes: a retrospective record-based cross-sectional study.
Prevalence of anaemia-related donor deferral and its association with age and sex among prospective blood donors screened by routine haemoglobin testing: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Agreement between point-of-care donor haemoglobin screening and automated laboratory haemoglobin measurement, using venous analyser measurement as reference standard: a comparative cross-sectional study.
Prevalence of transfusion-transmitted infection reactivity among voluntary and replacement blood donors using routine blood bank serological screening assays: a retrospective record-based cross-sectional study.
Trends and demographic correlates of hepatitis B surface antigen reactivity among blood donors screened by routine serology: a retrospective record-based study.
Trends and demographic correlates of human immunodeficiency virus seroreactivity among blood donors screened using routine blood bank assays: a retrospective record-based study.
Trends and demographic correlates of hepatitis C seroreactivity among blood donors screened using routine blood bank assays: a retrospective record-based study.
Frequency and causes of blood component discard in a tertiary hospital blood centre, categorized by expiry, seroreactivity, collection issues and storage problems: a retrospective audit.
Utilisation pattern of packed red blood cells, platelet concentrates and plasma across major clinical departments, with appropriateness according to institutional transfusion criteria as outcome: a retrospective audit.
Audit of single-unit versus multiple-unit red blood cell transfusion requests in stable adult inpatients, using institutional transfusion thresholds as appropriateness comparator: a retrospective study.
Correlation of pre-transfusion haemoglobin concentration with packed red blood cell utilisation in adult medical and surgical patients: a retrospective cross-sectional transfusion audit.
Audit of platelet transfusion practices using pre-transfusion platelet count, clinical indication and component dose, compared with institutional transfusion guidelines: a retrospective quality study.
Audit of fresh frozen plasma transfusion using coagulation parameters and clinical indication, compared with institutional appropriateness criteria: a retrospective quality study.
Frequency and spectrum of acute transfusion reactions reported through hospital haemovigilance, categorized by component type and clinical reaction pattern: a retrospective record-based study.
Laboratory and clinical characteristics of febrile non-haemolytic transfusion reactions, using transfusion reaction work-up and haemovigilance classification as reference: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Frequency and characteristics of allergic transfusion reactions across red cell, platelet and plasma components, using institutional haemovigilance records: a retrospective record-based study.
Diagnostic yield of direct antiglobulin testing in suspected haemolytic transfusion reactions, using final transfusion medicine assessment as reference standard: a retrospective study.
Frequency and specificity of unexpected red cell antibodies among multitransfused patients undergoing routine antibody screening: a hospital-based retrospective cross-sectional study.
Frequency of red cell alloimmunisation among patients with transfusion-dependent thalassaemia, correlated with cumulative transfusion exposure and blood group characteristics: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Blood bank quality audit of donor deferral, component preparation, serological screening, component discard, transfusion reactions and turnaround time: a retrospective service evaluation study.

Laboratory Quality Control, Pre-Analytical Variables and Diagnostic Integration

Frequency and types of pre-analytical errors in routine haematology samples, including clotting, inadequate volume, mislabelling and delayed transport: a prospective laboratory quality audit.
Effect of delayed complete blood count analysis on haemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, red cell distribution width, leucocyte differential and platelet indices, using immediate testing as reference: a prospective study.
Effect of room-temperature storage on peripheral blood morphology at two, four, six and eight hours after collection, using freshly prepared smear morphology as reference: a prospective laboratory study.
Effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-induced changes on platelet count and morphology over increasing storage intervals, using immediate analysis as reference: a prospective observational study.
Frequency and causes of clotted complete blood count specimens and their association with collection location and patient-care area: a retrospective pre-analytical quality audit.
Frequency and causes of sample rejection in the haematology laboratory, categorized by collection, labelling, transport and specimen-quality errors: a prospective quality indicator study.
Agreement of complete blood count parameters between paired venous samples collected in different routine ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid tubes, using one validated tube type as comparator: a laboratory study.
Within-run and between-run precision of routinely reported complete blood count parameters using internal quality control material across normal and abnormal concentration levels: a laboratory quality study.
Performance of internal quality control for haemoglobin, leucocyte count and platelet count over twelve months, using coefficient of variation and rule violations as outcomes: a retrospective laboratory study.
Analysis of external quality assurance performance in routine haematology parameters over multiple survey cycles, with error type and corrective action as outcomes: a retrospective quality improvement study.
Frequency and causes of corrected haematology reports after initial release, categorized into analyser, smear interpretation, transcription and identification errors: a retrospective post-analytical audit.
Audit of critical haematology value notification for severe anaemia, severe thrombocytopenia and extreme leucocyte abnormalities, assessing documentation and notification turnaround time: a retrospective quality study.
Diagnostic concordance between automated complete blood count interpretation and peripheral smear findings in samples meeting predefined smear review criteria: a prospective laboratory agreement study.
Diagnostic concordance between peripheral blood smear impression and bone marrow diagnosis in adults evaluated for cytopenias or suspected haematological malignancy: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic concordance between bone marrow aspirate and trephine biopsy in common haematological disorders, with analysis of conditions showing greatest added trephine value: a retrospective study.
Concordance between morphology-based acute leukaemia lineage assignment and routine flow cytometric immunophenotyping, using integrated diagnosis as reference standard: a retrospective diagnostic agreement study.
Diagnostic impact of manual peripheral smear review after abnormal automated analyser flags, measured by additional clinically significant findings and corrected reports: a prospective laboratory study.
Turnaround-time audit of complete blood count, peripheral smear, coagulation testing and bone marrow reporting in a tertiary teaching hospital, compared with institutional laboratory targets: a retrospective quality study.
Appropriateness audit of bone marrow examination requests for anaemia, pancytopenia, thrombocytopenia and suspected haematological malignancy, using final diagnostic yield as outcome: a retrospective record-based study.
Integrated haematology laboratory audit assessing pre-analytical errors, analyser flags, peripheral smear review, bone marrow concordance, critical-value notification and corrected reports in routine tertiary-care practice: a retrospective quality study.

Not the pathology subspeciality you need? Haematology is one section of our full pathology collection — the hub page lists every subspeciality, each with its own free topic list. Updated September 2026.

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📌 Updated for 2026–2027 MD Pathology Haematology admissions

The page has been reviewed for current diagnostic terminology, routine laboratory feasibility, pre-analytical constraints and study designs that can be completed within a pathology department.

Most topics can be done with a five-part haematology analyser, peripheral smear microscopy, reticulocyte testing, bone marrow aspiration or trephine material, coagulation testing, HPLC or flow cytometry according to local availability.
Whole-genome sequencing, large molecular panels and research-only marrow procedures are not required for the majority of feasible dissertation questions; advanced tests should be included only when they are already part of clinical work-up.
Publication potential is strongest when the study addresses analyser flag performance, morphology agreement, marrow aspirate–trephine discordance, transfusion or pre-analytical confounding, haemoglobinopathy screening pathways, or a clearly defined diagnostic reference standard.

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Select Generate Protocol → beside any title in the list above and receive a submission-ready document built around that topic, containing all eighteen components:

Introduction / Synopsis
Research Question
Aim of the Study
Primary Objective
Secondary Objectives
Materials and Methods
Inclusion Criteria
Exclusion Criteria
Sample Size Calculation
Methodology
Statistical Analysis
Ethical Considerations
Review of Literature
References
Gantt Chart / Study Timeline
Patient Information Sheet
Consent Form
Data Collection Form

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Alongside haematology protocols and synopses, support is also available for departmental presentations, journal club presentations, ethics committee presentations, and posters and oral presentations for medical conferences — for postgraduate residents, board trainees and research scholars across India and the GCC. Prepared by a practising doctor with long experience in medical publishing and thesis supervision.

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Haematology research outside India

The topics above work as research questions anywhere — what changes is the document the institution expects, and who approves it before data collection begins. The Gulf equivalent of an Indian synopsis is the haematology research proposal submitted to an institutional review board, and it ordinarily carries three sections an Indian synopsis does not: a Gantt chart, a budget and resources section, and a Declaration of Helsinki statement.

Board and residency programmes — country by country

Saudi Arabia — SCFHS and the Saudi Board. Residency and fellowship training under the Saudi Commission for Health Specialties includes a research project with a set timeline, and the haematology research proposal is the document prepared at the outset and cleared by the institutional review board before recruitment starts.

United Arab Emirates — DHA, DOH Abu Dhabi and MOHAP. Residents training in Dubai, Abu Dhabi and the northern emirates prepare a haematology research protocol for their programme and submit it for institutional review board approval before any data are collected.

Qatar — DHP (formerly QCHP) and Hamad Medical Corporation. A haematology IRB proposal is reviewed before recruitment, with the ethics section written to the institution's own template rather than a generic one.

Bahrain — NHRA. Trainees turning haematology research topics into a project need the proposal cleared by their institutional research and ethics committee before fieldwork begins.

Oman — OMSB. Residency programmes under the Oman Medical Specialty Board include a research component, and the haematology research proposal is the document assessed at the start of it.

Kuwait — KIMS. A haematology study protocol goes to the institutional committee for approval before the project begins.

Arab Board programmes across the region. The Arab Board carries its own research requirement irrespective of the host country, and the haematology proposal follows the same structure throughout.

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Postgraduate degrees — Malaysia, the Gulf and beyond

Malaysia — MMed, the National Medical Research Register and MREC. A haematology dissertation proposal for a Master of Medicine programme carried out in a Ministry of Health facility must be registered on the NMRR and approved by the Medical Research and Ethics Committee before the study begins, and the guidance asks for submission four to six months ahead of data collection. Every investigator on the study team registers on the NMRR as well, so the methodology, ethics and team sections are written in far more detail than an Indian synopsis requires.

PhD and Master's candidates elsewhere. University programmes generally require a full haematology research proposal of roughly 6,000 to 10,000 words, with an extended literature review, a theoretical framework and a detailed methodology chapter.

PhD and MMed proposals are written individually by a medical doctor and revised until the supervisor accepts them. They are not produced by the automated protocol generator.

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🔥 Trending research areas in Haematology for 2026–27

Extended analyser parameters: immature platelet fraction, reticulocyte haemoglobin, nucleated red blood cells and immature granulocyte parameters can answer practical questions on iron-restricted erythropoiesis, platelet recovery and early marrow response when the parameters are routinely generated.
Digital morphology and image-assisted smear review: useful projects now focus on agreement with expert manual microscopy, flag-triggered review and reproducibility rather than assuming automated image classification is a replacement reference standard.
Integrated haematolymphoid classification: morphology remains central, but current classification increasingly combines morphology with immunophenotyping and selected molecular or genetic findings, creating feasible concordance and diagnostic-pathway studies in centres with flow cytometry or targeted testing.
Haemoglobinopathy screening pathways: HPLC-first, CBC-first and reflex strategies can be compared for carrier detection, missed variants, laboratory workload and cost, particularly in antenatal and high-prevalence populations.

Protocol and synopsis guidance

What a Haematology protocol must contain

A haematology protocol should define the unit being studied before anything else: patient, blood sample, marrow aspirate, trephine biopsy, smear, analyser run or transfusion episode. Repeated samples from the same patient are not independent observations unless the analysis is designed for repeated measures.

Pre-analytical specification: state anticoagulant, acceptable collection-to-analysis interval, storage condition, criteria for clotted or haemolysed samples, and whether results come from the first sample or a repeat sample. Delayed EDTA processing can change cell volume, distribution-width and platelet-related parameters, so an undefined time window can create apparent biological associations that are only specimen-age effects.

Reference standard: specify what establishes the final diagnosis. A peripheral smear, HPLC result, bone marrow aspirate, trephine biopsy, flow cytometry result and integrated clinicopathological diagnosis are not interchangeable. If only test-positive patients receive the definitive investigation, diagnostic accuracy estimates may be biased.

Reader and platform details: name the analyser methodology, state how analyser flags are handled, define smear or marrow morphological criteria in advance, and specify whether readers are blinded to the comparator result. For morphology studies, record whether disagreement will be resolved by consensus or a third reader.

Clinical state: record recent transfusion, haematinic treatment, steroids, chemotherapy, growth factors and other interventions that can alter counts, morphology or haemoglobin fractions. A diagnostic study should use a pre-treatment time point unless the research question specifically concerns treatment response.

Haematology synopsis versus Haematology protocol

A synopsis gives the committee the research question, rationale, objectives, broad methods, sample size and proposed analysis. The protocol must go further and make the laboratory workflow reproducible enough that two residents would classify the same patient in the same way.

For CBC and analyser studies: the protocol should define the analyser platform, flags or derived parameters being studied, sample age, repeat-testing rules and the manual or clinical comparator. Correlation alone is not enough when the actual question is agreement or diagnostic performance.

For smear and marrow studies: define the staining method, fields or cells counted, grading system, diagnostic threshold, blinding and handling of haemodilute aspirates, dry taps and inadequate trephines. Aspirate and trephine findings may legitimately disagree because they sample different aspects of marrow disease.

For haemoglobinopathy work: specify whether participants with recent transfusion, iron deficiency or ongoing therapy are excluded, analysed separately or adjusted for. HPLC fractions and red-cell discriminant indices can be materially altered by mixed donor and patient red-cell populations.

For haematological neoplasms: define whether the endpoint is morphology-based classification, immunophenotypic lineage assignment, an integrated diagnosis or concordance between methods. Current classification increasingly uses genetic findings for selected entities, so the protocol should not label morphology alone as a universal gold standard.

Sample size and statistical analysis

Sample size should be based on the primary objective rather than the total number of variables available from the analyser. A prevalence study, correlation study, agreement study and diagnostic-accuracy study require different assumptions and should not share one generic sample-size formula.

Agreement: two methods measuring the same continuous parameter should usually be assessed with bias and limits of agreement, not Pearson correlation alone. Categorical morphology or diagnostic agreement should use a suitable kappa statistic, while repeated or multi-reader measurements may require an intraclass correlation coefficient or a multi-rater method.

Diagnostic performance: sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and likelihood ratios require a predeclared reference standard and verification of both test-positive and test-negative participants wherever feasible. If the reference standard itself incorporates the index test, circularity can inflate apparent performance.

Paired and serial data: paired peripheral blood and marrow results, immediate and delayed CBC measurements, or serial dengue platelet parameters should be analysed as paired or repeated observations. Treating them as independent samples wastes information and gives incorrect precision.

Rare disorders: if the expected number of cases is small, a descriptive or retrospective morphology series may be more defensible than an underpowered accuracy study. The final analysis plan should match the case yield that the department can realistically produce during the thesis period.

Frequently Asked Questions – Haematology Thesis Topics (2026–27)

1. How do I choose a feasible Haematology thesis topic?

For 2026–2027 admissions, start with the tests and specimens that your department already generates in adequate numbers. A good topic has one primary question, a clearly available comparator and a realistic case flow. Routine CBC parameters, peripheral smears, marrow material, HPLC records, coagulation profiles and flow cytometry data often produce stronger dissertations than projects dependent on tests that are sent outside the institution.

2. Which study designs are accepted for a Haematology thesis?

Commonly workable designs include cross-sectional descriptive studies, diagnostic-accuracy studies, method-comparison studies, inter-observer agreement studies, retrospective record or marrow-slide reviews, prospective laboratory observational studies, laboratory audits and clinicopathological correlation studies. The design should follow the question: agreement for two methods, diagnostic accuracy for an index test against a reference standard, and correlation only when the purpose is genuinely to quantify association between continuous variables.

3. What should I settle with my guide before registering a Haematology topic?

Settle the primary outcome, expected monthly case yield, analyser platform, specimen source, comparator test, availability of archived smears or blocks, need for flow cytometry or HPLC, and the exact exclusion rules for transfused or treated patients. Also decide who will perform morphology review, whether readers will be blinded, and how discordant results will be resolved.

4. How should pre-analytical variables be controlled in Haematology studies?

Fix the anticoagulant, collection technique, maximum collection-to-analysis interval, storage condition and rejection criteria before recruitment starts. Use the same rule for all participants. For delayed-processing studies, define the zero-time measurement and every later time point prospectively. Clotted samples, haemolysis, platelet clumping, underfilled citrate tubes and prolonged EDTA storage should not be silently mixed with technically adequate specimens.

5. What is the difference between a Haematology synopsis and a Haematology protocol?

The synopsis is the concise committee-facing summary of the problem, objectives and broad methods. The protocol is the operational document. It should specify specimen timing, analyser methodology, smear or marrow criteria, reference standard, blinding, handling of inadequate material, transfusion and treatment exclusions, variables to be recorded, sample-size assumptions and the exact statistical test for the primary objective.

6. What ethical issues are important in a Haematology thesis?

Prospective recruitment requires informed consent, with guardian consent and age-appropriate child assent from about seven years when children are included. Record-based and archived-smear or marrow studies may qualify for a waiver of consent if the ethics committee approves and data are adequately anonymised. Routine-care blood, marrow or flow-cytometry specimens should be used wherever possible; research-only venepuncture must have a justified volume and frequency, and research-only bone marrow aspiration or trephine biopsy should not be performed merely to satisfy a dissertation endpoint. Unexpected blasts, severe cytopenia, a newly suspected haemoglobinopathy or another clinically actionable laboratory finding should have a named escalation pathway to the treating unit. Separate consent is required for identifiable clinical photographs or videos if these form part of the project.

7. How should recent blood transfusion be handled in a Haematology thesis?

Recent transfusion can change the specimen being interpreted because circulating red cells may be a mixture of donor and patient cells. This can alter haemoglobin concentration, MCV, RDW, smear appearance, HbA2, HbF and red-cell discriminant indices, and it can mask or dilute the patient's native haemoglobinopathy pattern. The protocol should therefore define a transfusion-free interval appropriate to the primary test, verify transfusion history from records where possible, and either exclude recently transfused participants or analyse them as a prespecified separate group. A post-transfusion HPLC or CBC result should not automatically be treated as the patient's untreated baseline phenotype.

8. How does a Haematology dissertation differ from research-proposal pathways outside the Indian MD?

An Indian MD dissertation usually begins with a focused synopsis that is expanded into a detailed protocol for institutional ethics and university registration. A PhD proposal is broader and is expected to establish a larger research gap, programme of work and original contribution. In Gulf training pathways, the required format may be a board research project rather than an Indian-style dissertation; programmes linked to SCFHS and the Saudi Board, the Arab Board of Health Specializations, and DHP, DHA, DOH or MOHAP may use different approval, supervision and submission structures. The scientific core remains the same: a defined question, feasible methods, ethical approval and a prespecified analysis plan.

9. When should I register my Haematology thesis topic?

Register after confirming that the target cases, specimens and comparator tests are genuinely available and after the guide has agreed on the primary objective. Registration before checking monthly case yield, transfusion exclusions, marrow adequacy or access to HPLC and flow cytometry is a common reason that a seemingly strong topic later becomes difficult to complete.

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