External Ear Pathologies Thesis Topics in Otorhinolaryngology

This page covers External Ear thesis topics across otitis externa, otomycosis, external auditory canal disorders, auricular disorders and perichondritis, and cerumen, foreign bodies and congenital external-ear conditions for MS Otorhinolaryngology candidates. The emphasis is on external ear research topics that can be completed within one thesis period using routine otoscopy or otoendoscopy, pure tone audiometry, microbiology where clinically indicated, clinically indicated computed tomography, operative findings and histopathology. A shortlisted question should then be converted into a focused MS ENT external-ear protocol and a submission-ready MS Otorhinolaryngology synopsis.

Last reviewed and updated: September 2026 · 2026–27 admissions

Otitis Externa

  1. Clinicodemographic Profile and Predisposing Factors in Patients with Acute Otitis Externa: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study
  2. Clinical and Otoscopic Profile of Patients with Chronic Otitis Externa: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study
  3. Association of Ear-Cleaning Practices with Acute Otitis Externa: A Case-Control Study
  4. Association of Swimming and Repeated Water Exposure with Acute Otitis Externa: A Case-Control Study
  5. Bacteriological Profile of Acute Otitis Externa and Its Association with Clinical Severity: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study
  6. Comparison of Clinical Features in Bacterial and Fungal Otitis Externa: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study
  7. Correlation of External Auditory Canal Oedema with Severity of Otalgia in Acute Otitis Externa: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study
  8. Association of Diabetes Mellitus with Severity of Acute Otitis Externa: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study
  9. Clinical Predictors of External Auditory Canal Occlusion in Acute Otitis Externa: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study
  10. Correlation of Otoscopic Severity with Conductive Hearing Loss on Pure Tone Audiometry in Otitis Externa: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study
  11. Comparison of Pure Tone Audiometric Findings in Patients with Unilateral Otitis Externa and the Contralateral Normal Ear: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study
  12. Association of Hearing Aid Use with Chronic Otitis Externa: A Case-Control Study
  13. Association of Dermatological Conditions with Recurrent Otitis Externa: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study
  14. Clinical Profile of Eczematous Otitis Externa and Associated Predisposing Factors: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study
  15. Microbiological Profile and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Bacterial Otitis Externa: A Prospective Observational Study
  16. Concordance Between Clinical Diagnosis and Microbiological Findings in Otitis Externa: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study
  17. Comparison of Clinical Severity of Otitis Externa in Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Patients: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study
  18. Predictors of Need for Ear-Wick Placement in Patients with Acute Otitis Externa: A Prospective Observational Study
  19. Clinical Characteristics Associated with Persistent Symptoms at Early Follow-Up in Acute Otitis Externa: A Prospective Observational Study
  20. Early Complications of Acute Otitis Externa Managed in an Otorhinolaryngology Department: A Prospective Observational Study

Otomycosis

  1. Clinicodemographic Profile and Predisposing Factors in Patients with Otomycosis: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study
  2. Clinical and Otoscopic Characteristics of Otomycosis in Patients Attending an Otorhinolaryngology Clinic: A Cross-Sectional Study
  3. Mycological Profile of Otomycosis Based on Direct Microscopy and Culture: A Prospective Observational Study
  4. Association of Habitual Ear Cleaning with Occurrence of Otomycosis: A Case-Control Study
  5. Association of Prior Topical Antibiotic Use with Otomycosis: A Case-Control Study
  6. Association of Diabetes Mellitus with Severity of Otomycosis: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study
  7. Comparison of Clinical Features of Aspergillus and Candida Otomycosis: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study
  8. Correlation of Fungal Species with Degree of External Auditory Canal Inflammation in Otomycosis: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study
  9. Association of Tympanic Membrane Perforation with Clinical Severity of Otomycosis: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study
  10. Clinical Profile of Otomycosis in Patients with Chronic Otitis Media: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study
  11. Comparison of Otomycosis Characteristics in Patients with and without Chronic Otitis Media: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study
  12. Correlation of Otoscopic Fungal Debris Burden with Severity of Pruritus in Otomycosis: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study
  13. Correlation of External Auditory Canal Oedema with Conductive Hearing Loss in Otomycosis: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study
  14. Comparison of Pure Tone Audiometric Findings Before and After Clearance of Obstructive Fungal Debris in Otomycosis: A Prospective Observational Study
  15. Diagnostic Accuracy of Clinical Otoscopic Diagnosis of Otomycosis Using Fungal Microscopy as the Reference Standard: A Diagnostic Accuracy Study
  16. Concordance Between Direct Fungal Microscopy and Fungal Culture in Patients with Suspected Otomycosis: A Diagnostic Accuracy Study
  17. Clinical Predictors of Positive Fungal Microscopy in Patients with Suspected Otomycosis: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study
  18. Association of Hearing Aid or Earphone Use with Otomycosis: A Case-Control Study
  19. Predictors of Persistent Fungal Debris at Routine Early Follow-Up in Otomycosis: A Prospective Observational Study
  20. Comparison of Clinical Presentation of Unilateral and Bilateral Otomycosis: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study

External Auditory Canal Disorders

  1. Clinicodemographic Profile of Patients with External Auditory Canal Disorders: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study
  2. Clinical and Audiological Profile of Patients with External Auditory Canal Stenosis: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study
  3. Correlation of Degree of External Auditory Canal Stenosis with Conductive Hearing Loss on Pure Tone Audiometry: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study
  4. Aetiological Profile of Acquired External Auditory Canal Stenosis: A Retrospective Observational Study
  5. Clinical Profile of Patients with External Auditory Canal Exostoses and Osteomas: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study
  6. Correlation of Extent of External Auditory Canal Bony Lesions with Hearing Thresholds: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study
  7. Comparison of Clinical and Computed Tomography Findings in Patients with External Auditory Canal Osteoma and Exostosis: A Comparative Observational Study
  8. Diagnostic Accuracy of Otoscopy for Assessing External Auditory Canal Bony Lesions Using Computed Tomography as the Reference Standard: A Diagnostic Accuracy Study
  9. Clinicopathological Profile of Benign External Auditory Canal Masses: A Retrospective Observational Study
  10. Clinical Predictors of Significant Histopathological Abnormality in External Auditory Canal Masses: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study
  11. Correlation of Otoscopic Appearance with Histopathological Diagnosis in External Auditory Canal Lesions: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study
  12. Clinical and Radiological Profile of External Auditory Canal Cholesteatoma: A Retrospective Observational Study
  13. Correlation of Otoscopic Findings with Computed Tomography Extent in External Auditory Canal Cholesteatoma: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study
  14. Comparison of External Auditory Canal Cholesteatoma and Keratosis Obturans Based on Clinical and Computed Tomography Features: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study
  15. Diagnostic Accuracy of Clinical Examination in Differentiating Keratosis Obturans from External Auditory Canal Cholesteatoma: A Diagnostic Accuracy Study
  16. Clinical and Audiological Profile of Patients with Keratosis Obturans: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study
  17. Correlation of Keratin Plug Extent with Conductive Hearing Loss in Keratosis Obturans: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study
  18. Clinical Profile of Traumatic External Auditory Canal Injury: A Prospective Observational Study
  19. Association of Mechanism of Injury with Severity of External Auditory Canal Trauma: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study
  20. Early Complications Following External Auditory Canal Trauma: A Prospective Observational Study

Auricular Disorders and Perichondritis

  1. Clinicodemographic Profile of Patients with Auricular Perichondritis: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study
  2. Aetiological and Microbiological Profile of Auricular Perichondritis: A Prospective Observational Study
  3. Association of Ear Piercing with Auricular Perichondritis: A Case-Control Study
  4. Association of Diabetes Mellitus with Severity of Auricular Perichondritis: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study
  5. Clinical Predictors of Auricular Abscess Formation in Patients with Perichondritis: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study
  6. Correlation of Duration of Symptoms with Extent of Cartilage Involvement in Auricular Perichondritis: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study
  7. Microbiological Profile and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern in Auricular Perichondritis: A Prospective Observational Study
  8. Comparison of Clinical Characteristics of Piercing-Related and Non-Piercing-Related Auricular Perichondritis: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study
  9. Early Complications of Auricular Perichondritis Managed in an Otorhinolaryngology Department: A Prospective Observational Study
  10. Predictors of Auricular Deformity at Early Follow-Up After Perichondritis: A Prospective Observational Study
  11. Clinicodemographic Profile of Patients with Auricular Hematoma: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study
  12. Association of Mechanism of Trauma with Size and Site of Auricular Hematoma: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study
  13. Comparison of Clinical Features of Acute and Delayed Presentation of Auricular Hematoma: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study
  14. Predictors of Early Reaccumulation Following Drainage of Auricular Hematoma: A Prospective Observational Study
  15. Clinical Profile and Predisposing Factors of Acquired Auricular Deformities: A Retrospective Observational Study
  16. Clinicopathological Profile of Benign Auricular Lesions Requiring Surgical Excision: A Retrospective Observational Study
  17. Correlation of Clinical Diagnosis with Histopathological Findings in Auricular Lesions: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study
  18. Diagnostic Accuracy of Clinical Examination for Differentiating Benign and Malignant Auricular Lesions Using Histopathology as the Reference Standard: A Diagnostic Accuracy Study
  19. Clinical Predictors of Malignancy in Patients with Ulceroproliferative Auricular Lesions: A Case-Control Study
  20. Pattern of Site Distribution and Histopathological Diagnosis of Auricular Neoplasms: A Retrospective Observational Study

Cerumen, Foreign Bodies and Congenital External Ear Conditions

  1. Clinicodemographic Profile of Patients Presenting with Impacted Cerumen: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study
  2. Association of Ear-Cleaning Practices with Impacted Cerumen: A Case-Control Study
  3. Association of Hearing Aid Use with Cerumen Impaction: A Case-Control Study
  4. Correlation of Degree of Cerumen Occlusion with Conductive Hearing Loss on Pure Tone Audiometry: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study
  5. Comparison of Hearing Thresholds Before and After Cerumen Removal in Patients with Complete External Auditory Canal Occlusion: A Prospective Observational Study
  6. Clinical Predictors of Difficult Cerumen Removal in Patients with Impacted Cerumen: A Prospective Observational Study
  7. Early Complications Associated with Cerumen Removal in an Otorhinolaryngology Outpatient Setting: A Prospective Observational Study
  8. Clinicodemographic Profile of External Auditory Canal Foreign Bodies: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study
  9. Pattern of External Auditory Canal Foreign Bodies in Children and Adults: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study
  10. Association of Foreign Body Type with External Auditory Canal Injury: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study
  11. Association of Duration of Foreign Body Impaction with External Auditory Canal Complications: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study
  12. Clinical Predictors of Difficult External Auditory Canal Foreign Body Removal: A Prospective Observational Study
  13. Comparison of Complications in Patients with Prior Removal Attempts and Those Presenting Without Previous Manipulation of Ear Foreign Bodies: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study
  14. Early Complications Following Removal of External Auditory Canal Foreign Bodies: A Prospective Observational Study
  15. Clinicodemographic and Audiological Profile of Patients with Congenital Aural Atresia: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study
  16. Correlation of External Ear Malformation Severity with Hearing Loss in Congenital Aural Atresia: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study
  17. Clinical and Computed Tomography Profile of Congenital External Auditory Canal Atresia in Patients Undergoing Imaging for Clinical Evaluation: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study
  18. Correlation of Clinical Microtia Grade with Computed Tomography Findings in Congenital Aural Atresia: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study
  19. Comparison of Audiological Findings in Unilateral and Bilateral Congenital External Auditory Canal Atresia: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study
  20. Clinical and Audiological Profile of Patients with Microtia Associated with External Auditory Canal Abnormalities: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study

Not the ENT subspeciality you need? External ear is one section of our full ENT collection — the hub page lists every subspeciality, each with its own free topic list. Updated September 2026.

Browse all ENT Thesis Topics →

📌 Updated for 2026–2027 MS Otorhinolaryngology External Ear admissions

The research framework was reviewed for acute and chronic otitis externa, otomycosis, external auditory canal stenosis and cholesteatoma, auricular perichondritis and haematoma, cerumen impaction, ear foreign bodies and congenital aural atresia.

  • Most projects can be completed with routine otoscopy or otoendoscopy, pure tone audiometry, microbiology when clinically indicated, clinically indicated temporal-bone computed tomography, operative findings and histopathology already generated during standard ENT care.
  • Research-only computed tomography, biopsy, fungal culture, additional audiometry, invasive drainage or other procedures are not required unless clinically justified and specifically approved.
  • Publication potential is strongest when the patient or ear is defined as the analytical unit, bilateral ears are not treated as independent participants, and imaging or histopathological accuracy is not generalised beyond the clinically selected patients who actually receive that reference standard.
Generate a protocol from any topic above

Select Generate Protocol → beside any title in the list above and receive a submission-ready document built around that topic, containing all eighteen components:

  • Introduction / Synopsis
  • Research Question
  • Aim of the Study
  • Primary Objective
  • Secondary Objectives
  • Materials and Methods
  • Inclusion Criteria
  • Exclusion Criteria
  • Sample Size Calculation
  • Methodology
  • Statistical Analysis
  • Ethical Considerations
  • Review of Literature
  • References
  • Gantt Chart / Study Timeline
  • Patient Information Sheet
  • Consent Form
  • Data Collection Form

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Alongside external ear protocols and synopses, support is also available for departmental presentations, journal club presentations, ethics committee presentations, and posters and oral presentations for medical conferences — for postgraduate residents, board trainees and research scholars across India and the GCC. Prepared by a practising doctor with long experience in medical publishing and thesis supervision.

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External ear research outside India

The topics above work as research questions anywhere — what changes is the document the institution expects, and who approves it before data collection begins. The Gulf equivalent of an Indian synopsis is the external ear research proposal submitted to an institutional review board, and it ordinarily carries three sections an Indian synopsis does not: a Gantt chart, a budget and resources section, and a Declaration of Helsinki statement.

Board and residency programmes — country by country

Saudi Arabia — SCFHS and the Saudi Board. Residency and fellowship training under the Saudi Commission for Health Specialties includes a research project with a set timeline, and the external ear research proposal is the document prepared at the outset and cleared by the institutional review board before recruitment starts.

United Arab Emirates — DHA, DOH Abu Dhabi and MOHAP. Residents training in Dubai, Abu Dhabi and the northern emirates prepare an external ear research protocol for their programme and submit it for institutional review board approval before any data are collected.

Qatar — DHP (formerly QCHP) and Hamad Medical Corporation. A external ear IRB proposal is reviewed before recruitment, with the ethics section written to the institution's own template rather than a generic one.

Bahrain — NHRA. Trainees turning external ear research topics into a project need the proposal cleared by their institutional research and ethics committee before fieldwork begins.

Oman — OMSB. Residency programmes under the Oman Medical Specialty Board include a research component, and the external ear research proposal is the document assessed at the start of it.

Kuwait — KIMS. A external ear study protocol goes to the institutional committee for approval before the project begins.

Arab Board programmes across the region. The Arab Board carries its own research requirement irrespective of the host country, and the external ear proposal follows the same structure throughout.

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Postgraduate degrees — Malaysia, the Gulf and beyond

Malaysia — MMed, the National Medical Research Register and MREC. A external ear dissertation proposal for a Master of Medicine programme carried out in a Ministry of Health facility must be registered on the NMRR and approved by the Medical Research and Ethics Committee before the study begins, and the guidance asks for submission four to six months ahead of data collection. Every investigator on the study team registers on the NMRR as well, so the methodology, ethics and team sections are written in far more detail than an Indian synopsis requires.

PhD and Master's candidates elsewhere. University programmes generally require a full external ear research proposal of roughly 6,000 to 10,000 words, with an extended literature review, a theoretical framework and a detailed methodology chapter.

PhD and MMed proposals are written individually by a medical doctor and revised until the supervisor accepts them. They are not produced by the automated protocol generator.

Enquire about an external ear PhD or MMed proposal →

🔥 Trending research areas in External Ear for 2026–27

Current external-ear research increasingly combines improved infection monitoring, minimally invasive canal surgery, structured congenital-anatomy assessment and microbiology-guided treatment.

  • FDG-PET/CT in necrotising otitis externa and skull-base osteomyelitis: metabolic imaging is increasingly studied for assessing residual active infection and treatment response when conventional computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging changes persist after clinical improvement.
  • Endoscopic management of external auditory canal cholesteatoma: transcanal endoscopy is increasingly used for selected external auditory canal cholesteatoma, with research focusing on disease stage, extent, recurrence and selection between conservative, endoscopic and open approaches.
  • Three-dimensional modelling in congenital aural atresia: computed-tomography-derived three-dimensional models are increasingly explored for counselling, anatomical understanding and surgical planning in congenital external auditory canal abnormalities.
  • Microbiology-guided antimicrobial and antifungal stewardship: external-ear infection research increasingly emphasises clinically indicated culture, organism-specific susceptibility, prior topical-antibiotic exposure and avoidance of unnecessary prolonged or broad-spectrum therapy.

Protocol and synopsis guidance

What an External Ear protocol must contain

An external-ear protocol must define the disorder, patient-level or ear-level unit of analysis, otoscopic or otoendoscopic criteria, microbiological method where applicable, imaging indication, reference standard and exact primary endpoint. Acute otitis externa, otomycosis, canal stenosis, external auditory canal cholesteatoma, perichondritis, cerumen impaction and congenital aural atresia are distinct disorders and should not be merged into one generic external-ear outcome.

The ear and the patient must be distinguished analytically. Bilateral otomycosis, bilateral congenital abnormalities or comparison with the contralateral ear produces paired observations from the same person. These ears share systemic factors and should not automatically be counted as independent participants.

Selective verification must be recognised. Computed tomography is generally obtained in selected bony canal disease, congenital atresia or complicated infection, while histopathology is usually available only in excised lesions. Diagnostic accuracy calculated only from these selected patients should not be generalised to all people presenting with external-ear symptoms.

External Ear synopsis versus External Ear protocol

An External Ear synopsis can state that the study will assess clinical profile, microbiology, audiology, imaging, histopathology or short-term treatment outcome. The full protocol must convert those aims into reproducible definitions for canal oedema, occlusion, debris burden, lesion extent, microbiological positivity, conductive hearing loss, imaging criteria, operative findings and follow-up timing.

For otitis externa and otomycosis, the protocol should define prior topical treatment and whether sampling occurs before new antimicrobial therapy. For canal lesions, the protocol should distinguish keratosis obturans, external auditory canal cholesteatoma, osteoma and exostosis using prespecified clinical and imaging criteria. For congenital atresia, the clinical malformation grade, hearing assessment and imaging indication should be documented separately.

Sample size and statistical analysis

Sample size should follow the primary endpoint. A prevalence study requires an expected proportion and desired precision; a microbiological study requires enough culture-positive cases for meaningful organism or susceptibility analysis; and a diagnostic study requires enough verified positive and negative cases according to the chosen reference standard.

Paired ears require paired or clustered analysis. Comparing an affected ear with the contralateral ear can be useful because systemic factors are shared, but the two ears are not independent observations. Bilateral disease also requires analysis that preserves within-patient correlation.

Correlation between canal narrowing and hearing loss is different from diagnostic accuracy. Agreement between microscopy and culture is different from sensitivity and specificity. Repeated follow-up examinations from one ear are serial measurements rather than new participants, and thresholds derived and tested in the same dataset should be described as internally derived rather than externally validated.

Frequently Asked Questions – External Ear Thesis Topics (2026–27)

1. How do I choose a feasible External Ear thesis topic for 2026 admission?

Choose a disorder seen frequently in the ENT outpatient or emergency service and confirm that the required otoscopy, audiometry, microbiology or imaging is already available. Acute otitis externa, otomycosis, cerumen impaction and external auditory canal foreign bodies usually provide practical datasets. External auditory canal cholesteatoma, congenital aural atresia and uncommon auricular neoplasms may be better suited to retrospective designs if prospective numbers are low.

2. Which study designs are accepted for External Ear research?

Suitable designs include descriptive and analytical cross-sectional studies, comparative studies, case-control studies, prospective observational cohorts, diagnostic-accuracy studies, agreement studies and retrospective clinicoradiological or clinicopathological reviews. Studies measuring baseline findings and early response after clearance, drainage or treatment are longitudinal even when follow-up is brief.

3. What should I settle with my guide before registering an External Ear topic?

Settle the diagnosis, patient-level or ear-level unit of analysis, clinical severity criteria, otoscopic or endoscopic grading, microbiological method, audiological endpoint, imaging indication, reference standard and follow-up interval. Also decide how bilateral disease and patients without imaging or histopathology will be handled.

4. Can the contralateral ear be treated as an independent control in External Ear research?

No. The contralateral ear can be a useful within-person comparator, but both ears belong to the same patient and share age, diabetes status, environmental exposure, hearing-aid use and other systemic factors. Statistical analysis should therefore preserve the paired nature of the observations rather than counting each ear as an unrelated participant.

5. What is the difference between an External Ear synopsis and protocol?

The synopsis is the concise institutional submission describing the clinical question, objectives, design and broad methods. The protocol is the operational document that fixes disease definitions, ear selection, examination criteria, microbiological methods, imaging indications, reference standards, outcome timing, missing-data rules and statistical analysis.

6. What ethics issues are important in External Ear research?

Research should not add unnecessary computed tomography, biopsy, microbiological sampling, painful instrumentation, invasive drainage or repeat audiometry solely to strengthen a thesis. Necrotising otitis externa, auricular abscess, severe canal trauma and suspected malignancy require prompt clinical management and should never have treatment delayed for research enrolment.

Prospective participants should provide informed consent, with guardian consent and age-appropriate assent for paediatric participants according to institutional policy. Otoscopic photographs, DICOM images and operative photographs should be anonymised before research export, with separate consent for identifiable images. Clinically significant cranial neuropathy, suspected skull-base osteomyelitis, rapidly progressive infection or suspicious canal or auricular lesions should follow a predefined escalation pathway.

7. What is the biggest methodological error in an External Ear thesis?

The sharpest error is treating ears as independent patients while also ignoring selective verification. Bilateral ears or an affected and contralateral ear are correlated observations, whereas only selected atypical, severe or structural lesions undergo computed tomography or histopathology.

The protocol should therefore define the analytical unit before recruitment and state who receives the reference test. Diagnostic accuracy derived only from imaged, biopsied or operated patients should be restricted to that verified population rather than being generalised to every external-ear presentation.

8. How does an External Ear MS thesis differ from PhD and Gulf board research pathways?

An MS Otorhinolaryngology thesis is usually a focused residency dissertation based on one external-ear disorder, microbiological question, audiological correlation, imaging finding or short-term treatment outcome that can be completed within one training period. A PhD project may involve microbial genomics, antimicrobial resistance, advanced skull-base imaging, three-dimensional surgical planning, biomaterials, implant-device research or multicentre outcomes.

Residents outside the Indian MS pathway should verify dissertation or research requirements with the relevant training authority and institution. Imaging governance, microbiology, paediatric consent, device-related research, ethics review, data privacy, supervision and completion milestones should follow the applicable local programme.

9. When should I register my External Ear thesis topic?

Register after confirming case volume, disease definition, analytical unit, examination method, microbiology or imaging pathway, reference standard and any required short-term follow-up, but before prospective research-specific data collection begins. For retrospective work, fix the study period and clinical, microbiological or radiological definitions before reviewing outcomes so that cases are not selectively included according to final results already known.

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