Pathology Thesis topics on reproductive system

Q: How do I choose a feasible Gynaecological and Reproductive Pathology thesis topic?

Begin with specimen streams that are consistently available, such as cervical biopsies and cytology, endometrial samples, hysterectomies, ovarian tumours, salpingectomies or products of conception. A good topic has one primary question, enough annual cases and a comparator that is routinely available.

Q: Which study designs are accepted for a Gynaecological and Reproductive Pathology thesis?

Useful designs include cross-sectional studies, biopsy-resection concordance studies, diagnostic-accuracy studies, inter-observer agreement studies, cytology-histology correlation, immunohistochemical classification studies, clinicopathological correlation and laboratory audits.

Q: What should I settle with my guide before registering a Gynaecological and Reproductive Pathology topic?

Confirm specimen type, annual case yield, minimum adequacy, classification system, gross sampling method, immunohistochemistry availability, comparator diagnosis and archival-block quality. Decide how prior treatment, previous biopsy or excision, synchronous tumours and incomplete records will be handled.

Q: How should biopsy and resection discordance be handled in Gynaecological Pathology?

Discordance should be separated into sampling limitation, interpretative disagreement, treatment effect and biological heterogeneity. Limited biopsy may miss invasion or a higher-grade component, while a small lesion may be completely removed before the final resection.

Q: What ethical issues are important in a Gynaecological and Reproductive Pathology thesis?

Prospective work requires informed consent when applicable. Retrospective archived-tissue and record studies may qualify for a consent waiver after ethics approval and anonymisation. Research-only invasive procedures should be avoided, additional blood sampling must be justified, and clinically important unexpected findings need a defined communication pathway.

Q: How should specimen sampling and tumour heterogeneity be handled in Gynaecological Pathology?

Sampling should be defined whenever focal invasion, atypia, necrosis, tumour subtype or precursor lesions are outcomes. Large mucinous ovarian tumours, uterine mesenchymal tumours, endometrial lesions and tubal precursor studies are especially vulnerable to under-sampling, so block selection and inadequate sampling should be recorded explicitly.

Q: When should I register my Gynaecological and Reproductive Pathology thesis topic?

Register after checking the actual number of eligible specimens and confirming that the required blocks, slides, cytology, immunohistochemistry and clinical follow-up are accessible. A preliminary feasibility review is especially useful for uncommon ovarian, uterine, trophoblastic and tubal lesions.

Reproductive System Pathology Thesis Topics For MD/DNB

This page covers gynaecological pathology thesis topics and gynaecological pathology research topics for MD Pathology and DNB Pathology candidates, spanning vulval and vaginal disease, cervical histopathology and cytology, endometrial lesions, uterine mesenchymal tumours, fallopian tube pathology, ovarian neoplasms, endometriosis, gestational trophoblastic disease, products of conception and placental pathology. Most projects can be completed within one thesis period using routine biopsy, cytology, curettage, hysterectomy, salpingectomy and ovarian specimens, supported by immunohistochemistry, clinical records and imaging already generated during patient care. The strongest designs define the specimen, sampling adequacy, classification system, treatment status and reference standard before data collection begins, and can then be converted into an MD pathology gynaecological pathology protocol or MD pathology gynaecological pathology synopsis.

Last reviewed and updated: September 2026 · 2026–27 admissions

Vulval Pathology

Histopathological spectrum of non-neoplastic vulval lesions in biopsy specimens from women with chronic pruritus or visible lesions, correlated with clinical diagnosis: a hospital-based retrospective cross-sectional study.
Comparative histomorphology of inflammatory and infective vulval lesions using epithelial alteration, inflammatory pattern and stromal response, correlated with microbiological findings where available: an archival cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic evaluation of lichen sclerosus in vulval biopsies using epithelial thinning, basal degeneration and stromal hyalinisation, compared with consensus histopathological diagnosis: an archival agreement study.
Histopathological differentiation of lichen sclerosus and lichen simplex chronicus in vulval biopsies using standardized epithelial and stromal parameters: a retrospective comparative cross-sectional study.
Frequency and morphological spectrum of vulval dermatoses in women presenting with chronic vulval symptoms, using biopsy histopathology as reference for clinicopathological concordance: a retrospective study.
Histopathological spectrum of vulval cysts and glandular lesions in excision specimens, correlated with anatomical site, age and preoperative clinical diagnosis: an archival cross-sectional study.
Histological distribution of vulval intraepithelial neoplasia according to current World Health Organization criteria, correlated with age, inflammatory background and associated invasive carcinoma: an archival cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic utility of p16 immunohistochemistry for human papillomavirus-associated vulval intraepithelial neoplasia against consensus morphology-based classification as reference standard: an archival diagnostic accuracy study.
Diagnostic utility of p53 immunohistochemistry for differentiated vulval intraepithelial neoplasia against consensus histopathological diagnosis as reference standard: an archival diagnostic accuracy study.
Comparative expression of p16, p53 and Ki-67 in human papillomavirus-associated and differentiated vulval intraepithelial neoplasia, correlated with invasive squamous carcinoma: an archival cross-sectional study.
Histopathological spectrum of vulval squamous cell carcinoma using subtype, grade, depth of invasion and lymphovascular invasion, correlated with pathological stage: an archival cross-sectional study.
Association of vulval squamous cell carcinoma invasion pattern with tumour grade, lymphovascular invasion and nodal metastasis at resection: a retrospective clinicopathological correlation study.
Histomorphological and immunohistochemical characterization of vulval melanoma using melanocytic markers, compared with final integrated histopathological diagnosis: an archival diagnostic correlation study.
Histopathological spectrum of Bartholin gland malignancies in excision specimens using morphology and limited immunohistochemistry, correlated with age and pathological stage: an archival descriptive study.
Comparative histomorphology of aggressive angiomyxoma, angiomyofibroblastoma and cellular angiofibroma using stromal cellularity, vascular pattern and routinely available immunohistochemistry: an archival diagnostic study.
Diagnostic performance of a limited immunohistochemistry panel for vulval stromal tumours using final integrated histopathological diagnosis as reference standard: an archival cross-sectional study.

Vaginal Pathology

Histopathological spectrum of non-neoplastic vaginal lesions in biopsy specimens from women with discharge, bleeding or visible lesions, correlated with clinical diagnosis: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Morphological patterns of acute and chronic vaginitis using epithelial injury, inflammatory cell composition and stromal response, correlated with available microbiological findings: an archival clinicopathological study.
Histopathological evaluation of infectious vaginal lesions using routine morphology and special stains where indicated, compared with final clinicopathological diagnosis: a retrospective diagnostic correlation study.
Histological spectrum of vaginal cysts in excision specimens using epithelial lining and anatomical site, correlated with preoperative clinical diagnosis: an archival cross-sectional study.
Frequency and morphology of vaginal adenosis in biopsy specimens, correlated with age, presenting symptoms and associated cervical or vaginal epithelial abnormalities: an archival observational study.
Histopathological differentiation of reactive vaginal epithelial atypia from squamous intraepithelial lesions using standardized cytological and architectural criteria: an archival inter-observer agreement study.
Histological distribution of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia according to current World Health Organization criteria, correlated with age and concurrent cervical disease: an archival cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic utility of p16 and Ki-67 immunohistochemistry for high-grade vaginal squamous intraepithelial lesions against consensus histopathological diagnosis: an archival diagnostic accuracy study.
Association of vaginal squamous intraepithelial lesions with concurrent cervical squamous intraepithelial abnormalities using paired histopathological specimens: a retrospective clinicopathological correlation study.
Histopathological spectrum of primary vaginal squamous cell carcinoma using grade, depth of invasion and lymphovascular invasion, correlated with pathological stage: an archival cross-sectional study.
Morphological and immunohistochemical evaluation of primary vaginal adenocarcinoma using routinely available epithelial markers, compared with final integrated diagnosis: an archival diagnostic study.
Histopathological characteristics of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina using morphology and basic immunohistochemistry, correlated with age and tumour stage: an archival study.
Morphological and immunohistochemical characterization of vaginal melanoma using melanocytic markers, compared with final integrated histopathological diagnosis: an archival diagnostic correlation study.
Histological spectrum of vaginal sarcomas using cellularity, atypia, mitotic activity and necrosis, supported by limited immunohistochemistry: an archival descriptive study.
Diagnostic evaluation of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the vagina in paediatric specimens using morphology and skeletal-muscle immunohistochemical markers: an archival diagnostic study.
Histopathological audit of vaginal biopsy and excision specimens for adequacy, diagnostic categorization, precursor lesions and malignant tumour reporting completeness: a retrospective quality study.

Cervical Pathology

Histopathological spectrum of non-neoplastic cervical lesions in biopsy and hysterectomy specimens, correlated with age, symptoms and clinical diagnosis: a hospital-based retrospective cross-sectional study.
Comparative histomorphology of acute, chronic and follicular cervicitis using inflammatory pattern and epithelial alteration, correlated with available microbiological findings: an archival cross-sectional study.
Frequency and morphological characteristics of squamous metaplasia, Nabothian cysts, cervical polyps and microglandular hyperplasia in hysterectomy specimens: an archival descriptive cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic differentiation of immature squamous metaplasia from high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion using morphology and p16 immunohistochemistry, with consensus diagnosis as reference: an archival study.
Histological distribution of low-grade and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in cervical biopsies according to current World Health Organization criteria: an archival cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic utility of p16 immunohistochemistry for high-grade cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions against consensus histopathological diagnosis as reference standard: an archival diagnostic accuracy study.
Correlation of Ki-67 proliferation pattern with histological severity of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions in biopsy specimens: an archival cross-sectional immunohistochemical study.
Histopathological spectrum of cervical squamous cell carcinoma using subtype, grade, depth of invasion and lymphovascular invasion, correlated with pathological stage: an archival cross-sectional study.
Comparative morphology of keratinizing and non-keratinizing cervical squamous cell carcinoma using tumour grade, invasion pattern and lymphovascular invasion as parameters: an archival study.
Correlation of p16 expression pattern with morphology of human papillomavirus-associated cervical squamous cell carcinoma and pathological stage: an archival cross-sectional immunohistochemical study.
Histomorphological features of human papillomavirus-independent cervical squamous cell carcinoma using p16 and p53 immunohistochemistry, compared with final integrated diagnosis: an archival study.
Histopathological spectrum of cervical glandular lesions including adenocarcinoma in situ and invasive adenocarcinoma, correlated with age and pathological stage: an archival cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic differentiation of usual-type endocervical adenocarcinoma from gastric-type adenocarcinoma using morphology, p16 and p53 immunohistochemistry: an archival comparative diagnostic study.
Morphological and immunohistochemical characterization of clear cell and mesonephric cervical carcinomas using routinely available markers, compared with final integrated diagnosis: an archival study.
Histopathological evaluation of cervical neuroendocrine carcinomas using morphology and routinely available neuroendocrine markers, correlated with tumour stage: an archival descriptive study.
Correlation of depth of invasion, tumour size, lymphovascular invasion, parametrial involvement and nodal metastasis in cervical carcinoma resection specimens: an archival prognostic pathology study.

Cervical Cytopathology

Diagnostic accuracy of conventional Papanicolaou cervical cytology for detection of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions against cervical biopsy histopathology as reference standard: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Cytomorphological spectrum of reactive and infective changes in cervical cytology reported using the Bethesda System for Reporting Cervical Cytology: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Risk of significant cervical epithelial abnormality for atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance using subsequent biopsy histopathology as reference standard: an archival correlation study.
Histopathological outcomes of atypical squamous cells cannot exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion using cervical biopsy or excision histopathology as reference: a retrospective study.
Risk of cervical high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion among cytology cases reported as low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion using biopsy histopathology as reference: an archival study.
Diagnostic performance of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion cytology against cervical biopsy or excision histopathology as reference standard: a retrospective diagnostic accuracy study.
Cytology-histopathology correlation of squamous cell carcinoma reported on cervical smears with cervical biopsy or hysterectomy diagnosis: an archival diagnostic concordance study.
Histopathological outcomes of atypical glandular cells reported using the Bethesda System for Reporting Cervical Cytology: a retrospective correlation study using biopsy or curettage histopathology.
Diagnostic accuracy of cytological adenocarcinoma in situ for glandular precancer against cervical excision histopathology as reference standard: a retrospective study.
Concordance of cervical cytology with loop electrosurgical excision procedure histopathology for squamous epithelial abnormalities: an archival paired-specimen agreement study.
Concordance of cervical cytology with hysterectomy histopathology for squamous and glandular epithelial abnormalities: a retrospective paired-specimen correlation study.
Analysis of cytology-histopathology discordant cervical screening cases using retrospective smear and biopsy review to identify sampling and interpretative causes: a laboratory quality audit.
Comparative adequacy and diagnostic category distribution of liquid-based and conventional cervical cytology using the Bethesda System for Reporting Cervical Cytology: a cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic performance of liquid-based cervical cytology for high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions against biopsy histopathology as reference standard: a retrospective diagnostic accuracy study.
Correlation of high-risk human papillomavirus test positivity with cervical cytology categories and biopsy histopathology in women undergoing routine cervical evaluation: a retrospective study.
Laboratory audit of cervical cytology for adequacy, reporting categories, histopathological concordance and false-negative high-grade lesions: a retrospective quality indicator study.

Endometrial Pathology

Histopathological distribution of proliferative, secretory, menstrual and atrophic endometrial patterns in endometrial samples from women with abnormal uterine bleeding: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Correlation of menstrual phase documented clinically with histological endometrial phase in reproductive-age women undergoing sampling for abnormal uterine bleeding: a retrospective concordance study.
Histopathological spectrum of anovulatory and disordered proliferative endometrium in reproductive-age women with abnormal uterine bleeding: a retrospective cross-sectional study with clinical correlation.
Morphological patterns of hormone-associated endometrial change in women receiving documented hormonal therapy, compared with expected physiological endometrium: an archival comparative cross-sectional study.
Histopathological evaluation of endometrial breakdown in abnormal uterine bleeding using stromal collapse, fibrin thrombi and glandular alteration, correlated with presenting bleeding pattern: an archival study.
Histological distribution of endometrial hyperplasia without atypia in women with abnormal uterine bleeding, correlated with age, menopausal status and endometrial thickness: a retrospective study.
Inter-observer agreement for diagnosis of atypical hyperplasia and endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia using standardized morphological criteria: an archival blinded microscopy study.
Diagnostic concordance of endometrial biopsy diagnosis of atypical hyperplasia or endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia with subsequent hysterectomy histopathology: a retrospective paired-specimen study.
Histopathological spectrum of endometrioid endometrial carcinoma using grade, myometrial invasion and lymphovascular invasion, correlated with pathological stage: an archival cross-sectional study.
Inter-observer agreement for grading endometrioid endometrial carcinoma using current World Health Organization criteria on curettage and hysterectomy specimens: an archival agreement study.
Morphological and immunohistochemical characterization of uterine serous carcinoma using p53 expression pattern, compared with final integrated histopathological diagnosis: an archival diagnostic study.
Histopathological evaluation of clear cell endometrial carcinoma using characteristic morphology and routinely available immunohistochemistry, correlated with pathological stage: an archival study.
Histological spectrum of mixed, undifferentiated and dedifferentiated endometrial carcinomas using morphology and basic immunohistochemistry, compared with final integrated diagnosis: an archival study.
Immunohistochemistry-based surrogate classification of endometrial carcinoma using mismatch repair proteins and p53 expression, correlated with histological type and grade: an archival cross-sectional study.
Correlation of depth of myometrial invasion with lymphovascular invasion, cervical involvement and nodal metastasis in endometrial carcinoma hysterectomy specimens: an archival prognostic pathology study.
Association of histological type, tumour grade, myometrial invasion, adnexal involvement and pathological stage in endometrial carcinoma: a retrospective archival clinicopathological study.

Endometrial Biopsy and Curettage Pathology

Histopathological spectrum of endometrial biopsy and curettage specimens from women with abnormal uterine bleeding, categorized by physiological, dysfunctional, inflammatory, premalignant and malignant patterns: a cross-sectional study.
Distribution of proliferative, secretory and atrophic endometrial patterns in biopsy specimens and correlation with age, menstrual status and clinical indication: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Histomorphological spectrum of hormonal effects in endometrial biopsy specimens from women with documented exogenous hormone exposure: an archival observational study.
Histopathological patterns of endometrial sampling in reproductive-age women with abnormal uterine bleeding, correlated with clinical bleeding pattern and ultrasonographic endometrial thickness: a retrospective study.
Histological spectrum of endometrial lesions in perimenopausal women with abnormal uterine bleeding, correlated with endometrial thickness and hysterectomy findings where available: a retrospective study.
Diagnostic yield of endometrial sampling in postmenopausal bleeding for hyperplasia and carcinoma, using subsequent hysterectomy histopathology as reference where available: a retrospective study.
Correlation of ultrasonographic endometrial thickness with histopathological diagnosis in women undergoing biopsy for postmenopausal bleeding: a retrospective diagnostic correlation study.
Histopathological assessment of chronic endometritis in infertility-related endometrial biopsies using plasma-cell identification, correlated with clinical infertility category: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Inter-observer agreement for identification of plasma cells in suspected chronic endometritis using routine histology with consensus microscopy as reference: an archival blinded agreement study.
Morphological assessment of endometrial maturation in infertility biopsies using glandular and stromal features, correlated with documented menstrual cycle day: a retrospective study.
Diagnostic concordance of endometrial biopsy and hysterectomy for hyperplasia without atypia using standardized World Health Organization criteria: a retrospective paired-specimen study.
Diagnostic concordance of endometrial biopsy diagnosis of atypical hyperplasia or endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia with final hysterectomy histopathology: a retrospective paired-specimen study.
Diagnostic accuracy of endometrial biopsy for endometrial carcinoma against hysterectomy histopathology as reference standard, with analysis of histological type and grade concordance: a retrospective study.
Frequency of insufficient endometrial sampling and associated clinical factors in biopsy specimens, using adequacy for histopathological diagnosis as primary outcome: a retrospective laboratory audit.
Comparison of dilatation and curettage with office endometrial biopsy for detection of hyperplasia and carcinoma using hysterectomy histopathology as reference where available: a retrospective study.
Histopathology audit of endometrial biopsy and curettage specimens for adequacy, diagnostic categorization, turnaround time and biopsy-hysterectomy concordance: a retrospective quality indicator study.

Myometrial Pathology

Histopathological spectrum of uterine leiomyoma variants in hysterectomy and myomectomy specimens using current World Health Organization morphological criteria: an archival cross-sectional study.
Correlation of leiomyoma size and anatomical location with secondary degenerative changes in hysterectomy specimens: a retrospective clinicopathological study using routine histomorphology.
Histopathological differentiation of conventional and cellular leiomyoma using cellularity, mitotic activity, atypia and necrosis parameters: an archival comparative cross-sectional study.
Morphological characteristics of mitotically active leiomyoma using mitotic count, cytological atypia and tumour cell necrosis, compared with final consensus diagnosis: an archival study.
Histopathological spectrum of hydropic and other unusual leiomyoma variants using morphology and limited immunohistochemistry, compared with final integrated diagnosis: an archival descriptive study.
Diagnostic differentiation of leiomyoma with bizarre nuclei from leiomyosarcoma using atypia, mitotic count and tumour cell necrosis, with consensus histopathology as reference: an archival study.
Frequency and morphological distribution of adenomyosis in hysterectomy specimens, correlated with age, parity, abnormal uterine bleeding and coexisting leiomyoma: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Correlation of depth and extent of adenomyosis with uterine size and coexisting endometrial or myometrial pathology in hysterectomy specimens: an archival clinicopathological study.
Inter-observer agreement for diagnosis of smooth-muscle tumour of uncertain malignant potential using atypia, mitoses and tumour cell necrosis: an archival blinded microscopy study.
Diagnostic concordance of initial smooth-muscle tumour classification with expert consensus review for leiomyoma, smooth-muscle tumour of uncertain malignant potential and leiomyosarcoma: an archival agreement study.
Histopathological spectrum of uterine leiomyosarcoma using cytological atypia, mitotic activity and tumour cell necrosis, correlated with pathological stage: an archival cross-sectional study.
Comparative morphology of conventional, epithelioid and myxoid leiomyosarcoma using routine histology and limited immunohistochemistry: an archival descriptive and diagnostic study.
Correlation of leiomyosarcoma tumour size, mitotic count and necrosis with extrauterine extension at hysterectomy: an archival clinicopathological study.
Histological patterns of myometrial invasion in endometrial carcinoma, including infiltrative, pushing and microcystic elongated fragmented patterns: an archival cross-sectional study.
Association of microcystic elongated fragmented myometrial invasion pattern with lymphovascular invasion in endometrioid endometrial carcinoma: an archival clinicopathological correlation study.
Inter-observer agreement for assessment of less than versus at least half myometrial invasion in endometrial carcinoma hysterectomy specimens: an archival blinded agreement study.

Endometrial Stromal and Mesenchymal Tumours

Histopathological characterization of endometrial stromal nodules using circumscription, vascular pattern and stromal morphology, compared with final integrated histopathological diagnosis: an archival diagnostic study.
Diagnostic differentiation of endometrial stromal nodule from low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma using tumour border and vascular invasion as index parameters: an archival comparative study.
Histomorphological spectrum of low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma using permeative invasion, arteriolar vasculature and myometrial involvement, correlated with pathological stage: an archival study.
Diagnostic performance of routinely available stromal immunohistochemical markers for low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma against final integrated diagnosis: an archival diagnostic accuracy study.
Histological characterization of high-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma using cellularity, atypia, necrosis and mitotic activity, compared with low-grade tumours: an archival comparative study.
Comparative histomorphology of low-grade and high-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma using invasion pattern, cytological atypia and mitotic activity: an archival cross-sectional study.
Morphological spectrum of undifferentiated uterine sarcoma using atypia, necrosis and exclusionary immunohistochemistry, compared with final integrated diagnosis: an archival descriptive study.
Diagnostic distinction between undifferentiated uterine sarcoma and high-grade leiomyosarcoma using morphology and a limited immunohistochemistry panel: an archival comparative diagnostic study.
Histopathological spectrum of uterine adenosarcoma using glandular architecture, periglandular cuffing and stromal atypia, correlated with sarcomatous overgrowth: an archival cross-sectional study.
Association of sarcomatous overgrowth in uterine adenosarcoma with mitotic activity, necrosis and extrauterine extension at resection: an archival clinicopathological study.
Histomorphological and immunohistochemical characterization of uterine perivascular epithelioid cell tumours using melanocytic and smooth-muscle markers: an archival diagnostic correlation study.
Diagnostic differentiation of uterine perivascular epithelioid cell tumour from smooth-muscle neoplasms using morphology and limited immunohistochemistry: an archival comparative study.
Histopathological spectrum of rare uterine mesenchymal tumours using morphology and routinely available immunohistochemistry, correlated with age and anatomical site: an archival descriptive study.
Inter-observer agreement for distinguishing smooth-muscle from endometrial stromal tumours using standardized morphological criteria: an archival blinded microscopy study.
Correlation of tumour necrosis and mitotic index with malignant classification among uterine mesenchymal tumours using final integrated diagnosis as reference: an archival cross-sectional study.
Histopathology audit of uterine mesenchymal tumours for tumour sampling, mitotic count, necrosis assessment, invasion pattern and immunohistochemical work-up: a retrospective quality study.

Uterine Cervix and Corpus – Hysterectomy Pathology

Histopathological spectrum of benign uterine lesions in hysterectomy specimens from women with abnormal uterine bleeding: a hospital-based retrospective cross-sectional study with clinicopathological correlation.
Frequency and co-occurrence of leiomyoma, adenomyosis and chronic cervicitis in hysterectomy specimens, correlated with age and presenting symptoms: an archival cross-sectional study.
Histopathological distribution of endometrial hyperplasia in hysterectomy specimens and correlation with preoperative biopsy diagnosis where available: a retrospective paired-specimen study.
Frequency of pelvic and uterine endometriosis identified in hysterectomy specimens, correlated with adenomyosis and adnexal pathology: an archival cross-sectional study.
Histopathological spectrum of chronic cervicitis and associated epithelial changes in hysterectomy cervices, correlated with preoperative cervical cytology: a retrospective study.
Frequency of cervical squamous precancer identified in hysterectomy specimens, correlated with preceding cytology or biopsy diagnosis: an archival clinicopathological correlation study.
Frequency of endometrial precancer in hysterectomy specimens and concordance with preoperative endometrial biopsy diagnosis: a retrospective paired-specimen study.
Histopathological characteristics of cervical carcinoma in hysterectomy specimens using tumour size, depth, lymphovascular invasion and parametrial involvement: an archival cross-sectional study.
Histopathological spectrum of endometrial carcinoma in hysterectomy specimens using type, grade, myometrial invasion and lymphovascular invasion: an archival cross-sectional study.
Histopathological spectrum of uterine sarcomas in hysterectomy specimens using tumour type, mitotic activity, necrosis and extrauterine extension: an archival descriptive study.
Frequency of incidental premalignant cervical and endometrial lesions in hysterectomy specimens performed for clinically benign indications: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Frequency of incidental gynaecological malignancy in hysterectomy specimens performed for presumed benign disease, with analysis of clinical and imaging discrepancies: a retrospective study.
Spectrum of coexisting uterine and cervical lesions in hysterectomy specimens, assessing combinations of leiomyoma, adenomyosis, hyperplasia, endometriosis and cervicitis: an archival study.
Concordance between preoperative clinical diagnosis and final histopathological diagnosis in hysterectomy specimens for benign gynaecological disease: a retrospective diagnostic agreement study.
Correlation of ultrasonographic diagnosis of leiomyoma and adenomyosis with final hysterectomy histopathology as reference standard: a retrospective diagnostic accuracy study.
Histopathology audit of hysterectomy specimens for representative sampling, incidental lesions, malignancy staging parameters and completeness of final reporting: a retrospective laboratory quality study.

Fallopian Tube Pathology

Histopathological spectrum of inflammatory fallopian tube lesions in salpingectomy specimens, correlated with age, clinical diagnosis and associated pelvic inflammatory disease: an archival cross-sectional study.
Comparative histomorphology of acute and chronic salpingitis using inflammatory cell pattern, mucosal injury and fibrosis, correlated with available microbiological findings: a retrospective study.
Diagnostic evaluation of tuberculous salpingitis using granuloma morphology and Ziehl-Neelsen staining where indicated, compared with final clinicopathological diagnosis: an archival diagnostic study.
Histopathological spectrum of fallopian tube changes in pelvic inflammatory disease using mucosal inflammation, fibrosis and adhesions as parameters: an archival cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic confirmation rate of tubal ectopic pregnancy using chorionic villi and implantation-site changes in salpingectomy specimens: a retrospective cross-sectional histopathology study.
Histopathological spectrum of associated tubal pathology in ectopic pregnancy, including salpingitis, endometriosis and fibrosis: an archival cross-sectional study using salpingectomy specimens.
Correlation of rupture status in tubal ectopic pregnancy with haemorrhage, trophoblastic invasion and inflammatory changes on histopathology: a retrospective clinicopathological study.
Frequency and morphology of tubal endometriosis in salpingectomy specimens, correlated with ovarian and pelvic endometriosis where available: an archival cross-sectional study.
Histopathological screening for serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma in prophylactic or oncological salpingectomy specimens using systematic fimbrial examination and p53 immunohistochemistry: an archival study.
Diagnostic utility of p53 and Ki-67 immunohistochemistry for serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma against consensus histopathological diagnosis: an archival diagnostic accuracy study.
Frequency and distribution of p53 signatures in fallopian tubes from women undergoing salpingectomy, correlated with age and accompanying ovarian pathology: an archival exploratory study.
Histological assessment of secretory cell outgrowths in fimbrial mucosa and association with serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma or high-grade serous carcinoma: an archival study.
Histopathological spectrum of primary fallopian tube epithelial tumours, correlated with tumour type, grade and pathological stage: an archival cross-sectional study.
Morphological and immunohistochemical characterization of primary fallopian tube serous carcinoma using p53 and routinely available Müllerian markers: an archival diagnostic study.
Histopathological spectrum of rare fallopian tube mesenchymal tumours using morphology and limited immunohistochemistry, compared with final integrated diagnosis: an archival descriptive study.
Histopathology audit of salpingectomy specimens for fimbrial sampling, ectopic pregnancy confirmation, inflammatory pathology and unexpected premalignant or malignant lesions: a retrospective quality study.

Ovarian Non-Neoplastic Pathology

Histopathological spectrum of non-neoplastic ovarian lesions in cystectomy and oophorectomy specimens, correlated with age, symptoms and preoperative imaging diagnosis: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Frequency and morphological features of follicular cysts in ovarian specimens, correlated with age, menstrual status and clinical presentation: an archival cross-sectional study.
Histopathological characteristics of corpus luteal cysts using haemorrhage, luteinisation and cyst wall morphology, correlated with presenting symptoms: an archival observational study.
Morphological spectrum of theca lutein cysts in ovarian specimens and association with pregnancy-related conditions or hormonal stimulation where documented: a retrospective study.
Histopathological evaluation of polycystic ovarian morphology using follicular distribution, cortical thickening and stromal changes, correlated with clinical diagnosis: an archival cross-sectional study.
Correlation of ovarian stromal hyperplasia and follicular abnormalities with documented clinical features of polycystic ovary syndrome in surgically sampled ovaries: a retrospective study.
Histopathological spectrum of ovarian endometrioma using endometrial glands, stroma, haemosiderin-laden macrophages and fibrosis, correlated with imaging diagnosis: an archival study.
Frequency of epithelial atypia in ovarian endometriosis and its association with coexisting endometrioid or clear cell tumours: an archival cross-sectional study.
Histopathological spectrum of oophoritis in ovarian specimens using acute, chronic and granulomatous inflammatory patterns, correlated with available clinical findings: a retrospective study.
Morphological characteristics of tubo-ovarian abscess specimens using suppurative inflammation, necrosis and fibrosis, correlated with available microbiological results: an archival clinicopathological study.
Diagnostic evaluation of granulomatous ovarian inflammation using routine morphology and targeted special stains, compared with final clinicopathological diagnosis: an archival diagnostic study.
Histopathological spectrum of ovarian torsion using haemorrhage, congestion, necrosis and inflammatory response, correlated with duration of symptoms: a retrospective study.
Correlation of ultrasonographic torsion findings with histological ischaemic damage in surgically removed ovaries: a retrospective radiology-pathology correlation study.
Comparative histopathology of viable and infarcted ovarian torsion specimens using vascular congestion, haemorrhage and necrosis as index parameters: an archival study.
Frequency of unsuspected neoplasia among ovarian specimens submitted with a clinical diagnosis of functional cyst or torsion: a retrospective cross-sectional diagnostic audit.
Histopathology audit of non-neoplastic ovarian specimens for clinical correlation, sampling adequacy, unexpected neoplasia and final diagnostic categorization: a retrospective laboratory quality study.

Ovarian Epithelial Tumours

Histopathological distribution of ovarian epithelial tumours according to current World Health Organization classification, correlated with age, laterality, tumour size and pathological stage: an archival cross-sectional study.
Comparative morphology of serous cystadenoma, serous borderline tumour and serous carcinoma using epithelial proliferation, atypia and stromal invasion: an archival cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic differentiation of low-grade from high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma using morphology and p53 immunohistochemistry, with final integrated diagnosis as reference: an archival study.
Correlation of p53 expression pattern with histological diagnosis and tumour stage in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma: an archival immunohistochemical cross-sectional study.
Histopathological spectrum of mucinous ovarian tumours using tumour size, epithelial complexity, atypia and stromal invasion, correlated with final diagnostic category: an archival study.
Diagnostic differentiation of mucinous borderline tumour from mucinous carcinoma using expansile and infiltrative invasion patterns as index parameters: an archival comparative study.
Correlation of tumour size, laterality and surface involvement with primary versus metastatic classification in mucinous ovarian tumours: an archival clinicopathological study.
Histopathological spectrum of ovarian endometrioid tumours using grade, endometriosis association and invasion pattern, correlated with pathological stage: an archival cross-sectional study.
Correlation of ovarian endometrioid carcinoma with concurrent endometriosis and synchronous endometrial pathology in paired surgical specimens: an archival cross-sectional study.
Morphological and immunohistochemical characterization of ovarian clear cell carcinoma using clear cell architecture and routinely available markers, compared with final integrated diagnosis: an archival study.
Association of ovarian clear cell carcinoma with adjacent endometriosis and atypical endometriosis in resection specimens: an archival histopathological correlation study.
Histopathological spectrum of benign, borderline and malignant Brenner tumours using transitional-type epithelium, stromal features and invasion: an archival cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic differentiation of Brenner tumour from metastatic urothelial carcinoma involving ovary using morphology and limited immunohistochemistry: an archival comparative diagnostic study.
Histopathological characteristics of mixed epithelial ovarian tumours using component proportions and invasion patterns, correlated with final integrated diagnosis: an archival descriptive study.
Inter-observer agreement for classification of common ovarian epithelial tumours using current World Health Organization morphological criteria: an archival blinded microscopy study.
Histopathology audit of ovarian epithelial tumour specimens for sampling adequacy, tumour classification, surface involvement, capsule status and pathological staging parameters: a retrospective quality study.

Ovarian Germ Cell Tumours

Histopathological spectrum of ovarian germ cell tumours in surgical specimens classified according to current World Health Organization criteria, correlated with age and tumour stage: an archival cross-sectional study.
Histomorphological spectrum of mature cystic teratoma using tissue component distribution and secondary complications, correlated with age and clinical presentation: an archival cross-sectional study.
Frequency and pathological characteristics of malignant transformation in mature cystic teratoma, using histological type, tumour size and stage as parameters: an archival retrospective study.
Histopathological grading of immature teratoma using amount of immature neuroepithelium, correlated with age and pathological stage: an archival cross-sectional study.
Inter-observer agreement for grading ovarian immature teratoma using standardized neuroepithelial quantification criteria: an archival blinded microscopy study.
Morphological and immunohistochemical characterization of ovarian dysgerminoma using octamer-binding transcription factor 3/4 and spalt like transcription factor 4, compared with final diagnosis: an archival study.
Diagnostic utility of alpha-fetoprotein and glypican-3 immunohistochemistry for ovarian yolk sac tumour against final integrated histopathological diagnosis: an archival diagnostic study.
Histomorphological characteristics of ovarian yolk sac tumour using Schiller-Duval bodies, reticular architecture and hyaline globules, correlated with serum alpha-fetoprotein: an archival study.
Morphological and immunohistochemical evaluation of ovarian embryonal carcinoma using pluripotency markers, compared with final integrated diagnosis: an archival diagnostic correlation study.
Histopathological characterization of nongestational ovarian choriocarcinoma using biphasic trophoblastic morphology and available immunohistochemistry, correlated with serum human chorionic gonadotropin: an archival study.
Frequency and proportional composition of components in mixed ovarian germ cell tumours, correlated with serum tumour markers and pathological stage: an archival clinicopathological study.
Diagnostic performance of a limited immunohistochemistry panel for classifying ovarian germ cell tumours against final integrated histopathological diagnosis: an archival study.
Histopathological spectrum of monodermal teratomas of the ovary using tissue type and associated mature teratomatous elements: an archival descriptive study.
Morphological evaluation of struma ovarii using thyroid tissue distribution and associated teratomatous components, correlated with preoperative imaging diagnosis: an archival cross-sectional study.
Inter-observer agreement for identifying individual components of mixed ovarian germ cell tumours using routine histology and consensus diagnosis as reference: an archival study.
Histopathology audit of ovarian germ cell tumour specimens for sampling adequacy, component documentation, tumour grade and pathological staging parameters: a retrospective quality study.

Ovarian Sex Cord-Stromal Tumours

Histopathological spectrum of ovarian sex cord-stromal tumours classified according to current World Health Organization criteria, correlated with age, endocrine manifestations and tumour stage: an archival study.
Morphological and immunohistochemical characterization of adult granulosa cell tumour using grooved nuclei and inhibin expression, compared with final integrated diagnosis: an archival diagnostic study.
Correlation of mitotic activity, nuclear atypia and tumour rupture with pathological stage in adult granulosa cell tumour: an archival clinicopathological cross-sectional study.
Histomorphological differentiation of juvenile and adult granulosa cell tumours using nuclear morphology, follicular patterns and mitotic activity: an archival comparative study.
Histopathological characteristics of ovarian thecoma using lipidised cells, stromal hyalinisation and inhibin expression, compared with final integrated diagnosis: an archival study.
Diagnostic differentiation of ovarian fibroma and thecoma using cellular morphology, lipidisation and limited immunohistochemistry: an archival comparative diagnostic study.
Histomorphological spectrum of ovarian fibroma using cellularity, collagenisation and degenerative changes, correlated with tumour size and clinical presentation: an archival cross-sectional study.
Morphological and immunohistochemical characterization of Sertoli-Leydig cell tumour using sex cord differentiation markers, compared with final integrated diagnosis: an archival study.
Histological grading of Sertoli-Leydig cell tumour using differentiation, retiform architecture and heterologous elements, correlated with pathological stage: an archival cross-sectional study.
Histopathological characteristics of ovarian steroid cell tumours using cytoplasmic morphology, atypia and mitotic activity, correlated with endocrine manifestations: an archival study.
Diagnostic differentiation of steroid cell tumour from common mimics using morphology and routinely available sex cord-stromal markers: an archival diagnostic study.
Histomorphological spectrum of sclerosing stromal tumour using pseudolobulation, vascular pattern and stromal heterogeneity, correlated with patient age: an archival descriptive study.
Diagnostic performance of inhibin, calretinin and steroidogenic factor 1 for ovarian sex cord-stromal tumours against final integrated histopathological diagnosis: an archival study.
Comparative histopathology of common ovarian sex cord-stromal tumours using architecture, nuclear features and stromal characteristics: an archival cross-sectional study.
Inter-observer agreement for classification of ovarian sex cord-stromal tumours using morphology and a limited immunohistochemistry panel: an archival blinded diagnostic study.
Histopathology audit of ovarian sex cord-stromal tumour specimens for sampling, subtype classification, mitotic activity, necrosis and pathological staging parameters: a retrospective quality study.

Ovarian Metastatic Tumours

Histopathological spectrum of metastatic tumours involving the ovary, correlated with known primary site, laterality, tumour size and surface involvement: an archival cross-sectional study.
Morphological characteristics of gastrointestinal carcinoma metastatic to the ovary using laterality, nodular growth and stromal response, correlated with documented primary tumour: an archival study.
Diagnostic differentiation of primary mucinous ovarian carcinoma from gastrointestinal metastasis using morphology and a limited immunohistochemistry panel: an archival diagnostic accuracy study.
Histopathological characteristics of Krukenberg tumour using signet-ring cells, stromal reaction and bilaterality, correlated with primary gastrointestinal tumour site: an archival study.
Diagnostic performance of cytokeratin 7, cytokeratin 20, special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 2 and caudal type homeobox 2 for primary versus metastatic mucinous ovarian tumours: an archival study.
Histopathological spectrum of breast carcinoma metastatic to ovary using growth pattern and GATA binding protein 3 expression, correlated with known breast primary: an archival study.
Diagnostic differentiation of metastatic breast carcinoma from primary ovarian carcinoma using morphology and routinely available Müllerian and breast markers: an archival diagnostic study.
Histopathological characteristics of endometrial carcinoma involving ovary, correlated with uterine tumour grade, myometrial invasion and ovarian growth pattern: an archival paired-specimen study.
Morphological evaluation of cervical carcinoma metastatic to ovary using tumour subtype, laterality and ovarian surface involvement, correlated with primary cervical pathology: an archival study.
Frequency and pathological spectrum of metastases to the ovary from nongynaecological primary malignancies in surgical specimens: an archival cross-sectional study.
Comparison of unilateral and bilateral ovarian metastatic tumours for primary site, tumour size, surface involvement and histological pattern: an archival comparative study.
Diagnostic utility of paired box gene 8 immunohistochemistry for supporting primary Müllerian origin in ovarian carcinomas against final integrated diagnosis: an archival study.
Diagnostic contribution of GATA binding protein 3 and paired box gene 8 for distinguishing metastatic breast carcinoma from primary ovarian epithelial carcinoma: an archival comparative study.
Correlation of ovarian tumour size, bilaterality and surface nodularity with primary versus metastatic classification using final histopathological diagnosis as reference: an archival diagnostic study.
Inter-observer agreement for morphological classification of ovarian mucinous tumours as primary or metastatic using standardized gross and microscopic criteria: an archival blinded study.
Histopathology audit of ovarian metastatic tumour work-up for clinical history, gross sampling, laterality, morphology and rational use of immunohistochemistry: a retrospective quality study.

Borderline Ovarian Tumours

Histopathological spectrum of borderline ovarian tumours classified according to current World Health Organization criteria, correlated with age, tumour size, laterality and stage: an archival study.
Histomorphological characteristics of serous borderline tumours using epithelial stratification, hierarchical branching and stromal invasion assessment: an archival cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic differentiation of serous borderline tumour from low-grade serous carcinoma using destructive stromal invasion as reference parameter: an archival comparative study.
Histopathological spectrum of mucinous borderline tumours using epithelial complexity, atypia and microinvasion, correlated with tumour size and sampling extent: an archival study.
Diagnostic differentiation of mucinous borderline tumour from mucinous carcinoma using expansile and infiltrative invasion criteria: an archival comparative cross-sectional study.
Histomorphological evaluation of endometrioid borderline tumours using glandular complexity and atypia, compared with endometrioid carcinoma as histopathological reference: an archival study.
Histopathological characteristics of borderline Brenner tumour using epithelial proliferation, atypia and stromal invasion, compared with benign and malignant Brenner tumours: an archival study.
Frequency and morphological patterns of microinvasion in serous borderline ovarian tumours, correlated with tumour size and surface involvement: an archival cross-sectional study.
Frequency and morphological patterns of microinvasion in mucinous borderline ovarian tumours, correlated with tumour size and extensive sampling: an archival study.
Histopathological spectrum of peritoneal implants associated with serous borderline ovarian tumours using epithelial and desmoplastic features: an archival cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic differentiation of non-invasive and invasive peritoneal implants associated with serous borderline tumours using standardized morphological criteria: an archival agreement study.
Association of ovarian surface involvement with peritoneal implants in serous borderline ovarian tumours: an archival clinicopathological correlation study.
Correlation of tumour size with adequacy of block sampling and detection of microinvasion in mucinous borderline ovarian tumours: a retrospective laboratory study.
Inter-observer agreement for diagnosis of serous and mucinous borderline ovarian tumours using current World Health Organization criteria: an archival blinded microscopy study.
Histopathological assessment of recurrent borderline ovarian tumour specimens, comparing morphology with the original tumour where paired material is available: an archival paired-specimen study.
Histopathology audit of borderline ovarian tumour specimens for gross sampling, microinvasion, surface involvement, implants and pathological staging documentation: a retrospective quality study.

Endometriosis

Histopathological spectrum of ovarian endometriosis in cystectomy and oophorectomy specimens, correlated with age, symptoms and radiological diagnosis: an archival cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic sensitivity of endometrial glands, endometrial stroma and haemosiderin-laden macrophages for ovarian endometriosis using final histopathological diagnosis as reference: an archival study.
Histopathological spectrum of pelvic endometriosis in peritoneal and pelvic soft-tissue specimens, correlated with anatomical site and clinical presentation: an archival cross-sectional study.
Morphological characteristics of fibrosis and chronic inflammation in longstanding pelvic endometriosis, correlated with lesion site and documented symptom duration: an archival study.
Frequency and distribution of adenomyosis in hysterectomy specimens and association with coexisting ovarian or pelvic endometriosis: an archival cross-sectional study.
Correlation of adenomyosis depth with uterine enlargement, abnormal uterine bleeding and coexisting leiomyoma in hysterectomy specimens: a retrospective clinicopathological study.
Histopathological spectrum of extrapelvic endometriosis in gastrointestinal, urinary and soft-tissue surgical specimens, correlated with anatomical site and prior surgery: an archival study.
Morphological characteristics of scar endometriosis in abdominal wall excision specimens, correlated with prior caesarean delivery or pelvic surgery: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic accuracy of clinical and radiological diagnosis of scar endometriosis against excision histopathology as reference standard: a retrospective study.
Frequency of epithelial cytological atypia in ovarian endometriosis and correlation with adjacent endometrioid or clear cell neoplasia: an archival cross-sectional study.
Histopathological comparison of endometriosis with and without atypia using epithelial atypia, architectural complexity and inflammatory background: an archival comparative study.
Association of endometriosis with ovarian clear cell carcinoma using paired tumour-adjacent tissue assessment in resection specimens: an archival histopathological correlation study.
Association of endometriosis with ovarian endometrioid carcinoma using adjacent endometriotic foci and atypical changes as parameters: an archival cross-sectional study.
Histopathological spectrum of endometriosis-associated ovarian malignancies using tumour type, stage and background atypical endometriosis: an archival descriptive study.
Inter-observer agreement for recognition of atypical endometriosis using standardized cytological and architectural criteria: an archival blinded microscopy study.
Histopathology audit of endometriosis specimens for documentation of site, diagnostic components, atypia and associated neoplasia: a retrospective laboratory quality study.

Gestational Trophoblastic Disease

Histopathological spectrum of gestational trophoblastic disease in uterine evacuation specimens, categorized by hydatidiform mole and trophoblastic neoplasia: an archival cross-sectional study with clinical correlation.
Morphological differentiation of complete hydatidiform mole, partial hydatidiform mole and non-molar hydropic abortion using villous architecture and trophoblastic proliferation: an archival diagnostic study.
Diagnostic utility of p57 immunohistochemistry for complete hydatidiform mole against final integrated histopathological diagnosis as reference standard: an archival diagnostic accuracy study.
Histopathological characteristics of complete hydatidiform mole using villous hydrops, cistern formation and circumferential trophoblastic proliferation, correlated with serum human chorionic gonadotropin: an archival study.
Histomorphological features of partial hydatidiform mole using scalloped villi, trophoblastic inclusions and focal proliferation, correlated with final integrated diagnosis: an archival study.
Inter-observer agreement for morphological classification of complete mole, partial mole and non-molar hydropic abortion before and after p57 immunohistochemistry: an archival agreement study.
Histopathological characteristics of invasive mole in hysterectomy specimens using myometrial invasion and molar villi, correlated with serum human chorionic gonadotropin: an archival study.
Morphological and immunohistochemical characterization of gestational choriocarcinoma using biphasic trophoblastic proliferation and trophoblastic markers, compared with final integrated diagnosis: an archival study.
Histopathological features of placental site trophoblastic tumour using implantation-site trophoblast morphology and human placental lactogen expression, correlated with final diagnosis: an archival study.
Diagnostic differentiation of placental site trophoblastic tumour from choriocarcinoma using morphology, human chorionic gonadotropin, human placental lactogen and Ki-67: an archival diagnostic study.
Histomorphological and immunohistochemical characterization of epithelioid trophoblastic tumour using chorionic-type intermediate trophoblast morphology, compared with final integrated diagnosis: an archival study.
Diagnostic differentiation of epithelioid trophoblastic tumour from squamous carcinoma using morphology and a limited trophoblastic immunohistochemistry panel: an archival comparative study.
Correlation of Ki-67 proliferation index with histological category across complete mole, partial mole, choriocarcinoma and placental site trophoblastic tumour: an archival cross-sectional study.
Comparison of morphology-based and p57-supported diagnosis in suspected molar pregnancy using final integrated diagnosis as reference standard: an archival diagnostic concordance study.
Histopathological audit of uterine evacuation specimens for suspected molar pregnancy, assessing sampling adequacy, morphology, p57 utilisation and final diagnostic categorization: a retrospective quality study.
Clinicopathological correlation of gestational trophoblastic disease using histological category, uterine size and serum human chorionic gonadotropin at diagnosis: a retrospective cross-sectional study.

Products of Conception Pathology

Histopathological spectrum of products of conception from early pregnancy loss, assessing chorionic villi, decidua and embryonic tissue: a hospital-based retrospective cross-sectional study.
Morphological characteristics of chorionic villi in spontaneous early pregnancy loss using villous size, vascularity and trophoblastic changes: an archival cross-sectional study.
Histopathological spectrum of decidual changes in early pregnancy loss using inflammation, haemorrhage and implantation-site reaction, correlated with gestational age: an archival study.
Frequency and diagnostic significance of identifiable embryonic or foetal tissue in products of conception specimens, correlated with documented gestational age: a retrospective study.
Morphological differentiation of complete hydatidiform mole, partial mole and non-molar hydropic abortion in products of conception using standardized villous criteria: an archival diagnostic study.
Diagnostic utility of p57 immunohistochemistry in products of conception with suspected complete hydatidiform mole, using final integrated diagnosis as reference standard: an archival study.
Histopathological characteristics of non-molar hydropic abortion using villous oedema and trophoblastic morphology, compared with partial hydatidiform mole: an archival comparative study.
Diagnostic yield of chorionic villi identification for confirming ectopic pregnancy in surgically removed tubal specimens: a retrospective cross-sectional histopathology study.
Histopathological spectrum of associated tubal changes in ectopic pregnancy specimens, including salpingitis, haemorrhage and fibrosis: an archival cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic confirmation rate of retained products of conception using chorionic villi, trophoblast and placental tissue in uterine evacuation specimens: a retrospective study.
Histomorphological spectrum of placental site and implantation-site changes in retained products of conception specimens: an archival cross-sectional study.
Frequency and morphological characteristics of acute inflammation in products of conception, correlated with documented fever or clinical suspicion of infection: a retrospective study.
Histopathological evaluation of chronic inflammatory changes in products of conception and their association with recurrent pregnancy loss: an archival cross-sectional study.
Frequency of unexpected molar pregnancy identified on routine histopathological examination of products of conception submitted after presumed spontaneous abortion: a retrospective diagnostic audit.
Clinicopathological concordance between preoperative diagnosis and histopathological findings in products of conception from miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy and retained pregnancy tissue: a retrospective study.
Histopathology audit of products of conception specimens for adequacy, identification of chorionic villi, molar changes, inflammation and clinically significant unexpected findings: a retrospective quality study.

Placental Pathology

Histopathological spectrum of maternal vascular malperfusion in placentas from hypertensive pregnancies using infarction, decidual vasculopathy and accelerated villous maturation: a cross-sectional study.
Correlation of placental infarction percentage with birth weight and gestational age in placentas from pregnancies complicated by hypertensive disorders: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Histopathological assessment of accelerated villous maturation and distal villous hypoplasia in foetal growth restriction, compared with gestational-age-matched placentas: a comparative cross-sectional study.
Frequency and severity of decidual vasculopathy in placentas from women with hypertensive disorders, correlated with maternal blood pressure and foetal growth: a cross-sectional study.
Histopathological spectrum of foetal vascular malperfusion using avascular villi, foetal vessel thrombosis and villous stromal-vascular karyorrhexis, correlated with neonatal outcome at birth: a cross-sectional study.
Correlation of umbilical and chorionic plate vascular thrombosis with foetal vascular malperfusion lesions in placental sections: a prospective observational cross-sectional study.
Histological grading of acute chorioamnionitis in placentas from pregnancies with suspected intra-amniotic infection, correlated with maternal fever and neonatal status at birth: a cross-sectional study.
Correlation of funisitis severity with foetal inflammatory response and neonatal laboratory evidence of infection at birth: a hospital-based prospective observational study.
Histopathological spectrum of chronic villitis and intervillositis in placentas from adverse pregnancy outcomes, correlated with foetal growth and gestational age: an archival cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic evaluation of placental bacterial and fungal infections using routine morphology and special stains where indicated, compared with available microbiological findings: a retrospective study.
Histopathological spectrum of placental changes in maternal diabetes mellitus using villous maturation, vascular lesions and placental weight, correlated with neonatal birth weight: a cross-sectional study.
Comparative placental histopathology in hypertensive and normotensive pregnancies using maternal vascular malperfusion lesions as index parameters: a comparative cross-sectional study.
Histopathological changes in placentas from mothers with moderate or severe anaemia, correlated with maternal haemoglobin and neonatal birth weight: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Placental histopathological spectrum in maternal autoimmune disease using vascular, inflammatory and villous abnormalities, correlated with foetal growth at delivery: a retrospective study.
Correlation of maternal vascular malperfusion lesions with foetal growth restriction and placental weight below gestational-age expectations: a prospective observational cross-sectional study.
Histopathology audit of placental specimens for sampling adequacy, maternal vascular malperfusion, foetal vascular malperfusion, inflammation and clinically relevant reporting parameters: a retrospective quality study.

Umbilical Cord Pathology

Histopathological spectrum of umbilical cord abnormalities in placentas submitted for adverse pregnancy outcomes, correlated with gestational age and neonatal status at birth: a cross-sectional study.
Correlation of abnormal umbilical cord length with placental weight, foetal growth and adverse perinatal findings at delivery: a prospective observational study using gross placental examination.
Histopathological characteristics of true umbilical cord knots using vascular congestion and thrombosis, correlated with foetal distress and birth outcome: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Gross and histopathological evaluation of false umbilical cord knots using vascular redundancy and Wharton jelly changes, correlated with neonatal outcome: an observational cross-sectional study.
Histopathological spectrum of umbilical cord thrombosis using vessel type, thrombus organization and associated placental foetal vascular malperfusion: an archival cross-sectional study.
Correlation of umbilical vessel thrombosis with avascular villi and foetal vascular malperfusion in corresponding placental sections: a retrospective clinicopathological study.
Histological grading of funisitis using vessel-wall and Wharton jelly inflammation, correlated with acute chorioamnionitis and neonatal infection indicators at birth: a cross-sectional study.
Inter-observer agreement for staging and grading funisitis using standardized histological criteria on routine placental sections: an archival blinded microscopy study.
Histopathological spectrum of umbilical vascular abnormalities, including thrombosis and abnormal vessel number, correlated with foetal growth and congenital anomalies: a retrospective study.
Frequency and clinicopathological associations of single umbilical artery in placental specimens, correlated with foetal growth and documented congenital malformations: a cross-sectional study.
Histological changes associated with velamentous and marginal cord insertion, correlated with foetal growth and placental vascular malperfusion lesions: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Comparative placental pathology in central versus abnormal umbilical cord insertion using infarction, foetal vascular malperfusion and placental weight as parameters: a cross-sectional study.
Histopathological evaluation of Wharton jelly abnormalities in umbilical cords with gross structural lesions, correlated with vascular compromise: an archival cross-sectional study.
Correlation of umbilical cord coiling abnormalities with thrombosis, foetal vascular malperfusion and neonatal birth weight: a prospective observational cross-sectional study.
Placental pathology audit of umbilical cord examination for length, vessel number, insertion, coiling, thrombosis and inflammatory lesions: a retrospective quality indicator study.

Foetal and Perinatal Pathology

Histopathological spectrum of congenital malformations identified at foetal autopsy, correlated with prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis: a retrospective autopsy-based cross-sectional study.
Concordance between prenatal imaging and foetal autopsy findings for major congenital anomalies using autopsy diagnosis as reference standard: a retrospective diagnostic agreement study.
Pathological spectrum of intrauterine growth restriction using foetal anthropometry and placental histopathology, correlated with gestational age: a retrospective perinatal pathology study.
Correlation of foetal growth restriction with placental maternal vascular malperfusion and placental weight in stillbirth examinations: a retrospective clinicopathological study.
Histopathological causes and associated placental lesions in stillbirths undergoing foetal and placental examination: a retrospective cross-sectional perinatal pathology study.
Classification of stillbirth pathology using foetal, placental and umbilical cord findings, correlated with documented maternal clinical conditions: a retrospective observational study.
Diagnostic contribution of foetal autopsy beyond prenatal imaging in congenital malformations, measured by additional or modified final diagnoses: a retrospective audit study.
Histopathological spectrum of congenital infections identified at foetal or perinatal autopsy using routine morphology and special stains where indicated: an archival descriptive study.
Correlation of placental inflammatory lesions with foetal autopsy evidence of congenital infection in stillbirth and perinatal death specimens: a retrospective paired-specimen study.
Placental-foetal correlation in stillbirths using maternal vascular malperfusion, foetal vascular malperfusion and foetal growth parameters: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Correlation of umbilical cord abnormalities with foetal autopsy findings and placental vascular lesions in stillbirths: a retrospective perinatal pathology study.
Histopathological spectrum of foetal organ changes associated with severe placental insufficiency, correlated with placental maternal vascular malperfusion: an archival study.
Frequency and morphological spectrum of multiple congenital anomaly patterns at foetal autopsy, correlated with available cytogenetic or clinical diagnoses without additional research testing: a retrospective study.
Concordance of clinical cause of foetal death with final integrated foetal autopsy and placental pathology diagnosis: a retrospective diagnostic agreement study.
Foetal and perinatal autopsy audit for organ examination, placental submission, congenital anomaly documentation and clinicopathological concordance: a retrospective quality indicator study.

Infertility Pathology

Histopathological spectrum of endometrial abnormalities in women evaluated for infertility using glandular maturation, stromal changes and inflammation: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Frequency of chronic endometritis in endometrial biopsies from women with infertility using plasma-cell identification on routine histology: an archival cross-sectional study.
Inter-observer agreement for diagnosis of chronic endometritis in infertility biopsies using plasma-cell morphology and consensus histopathology as reference: an archival blinded study.
Correlation of chronic endometritis with primary versus secondary infertility in routinely sampled endometrial biopsies: a retrospective clinicopathological cross-sectional study.
Histopathological spectrum of fallopian tube lesions in women undergoing salpingectomy for infertility-related tubal disease: an archival cross-sectional study.
Frequency of chronic salpingitis, hydrosalpinx and tubal fibrosis in infertility-associated salpingectomy specimens, correlated with clinical diagnosis: a retrospective study.
Histopathological spectrum of ovarian lesions in women with infertility undergoing surgical treatment, correlated with imaging diagnosis: an archival cross-sectional study.
Association of ovarian and pelvic endometriosis with infertility using histologically confirmed surgical specimens and documented infertility status: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Morphological assessment of endometrial maturation in infertility biopsies using glandular and stromal features, correlated with documented menstrual cycle day: a retrospective study.
Histopathological evaluation of endometrial breakdown and dyssynchronous maturation in infertility biopsies, correlated with clinical infertility category: an archival cross-sectional study.
Frequency of chronic inflammatory changes in endometrial biopsies from women with recurrent implantation failure where routine sampling is clinically indicated: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Histopathological spectrum of products of conception in women with recurrent pregnancy loss, assessing villous abnormalities, inflammation and molar changes: a retrospective study.
Correlation of placental vascular and inflammatory abnormalities with recurrent pregnancy loss using available placental and products of conception specimens: an archival cross-sectional study.
Frequency of clinically significant histopathological findings in endometrial, tubal and ovarian specimens from women investigated for infertility: a retrospective multi-specimen cross-sectional study.
Histopathology audit of infertility-associated specimens for adequacy, chronic endometritis, tubal disease, endometriosis and clinicopathological correlation: a retrospective laboratory quality study.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Reproductive Endocrine Pathology

Histopathological characteristics of ovaries with polycystic morphology using cortical thickness, follicular distribution and stromal hyperplasia, correlated with documented clinical diagnosis: an archival cross-sectional study.
Correlation of ovarian stromal hyperplasia and multiple follicular cysts with clinical features of polycystic ovary syndrome in surgically sampled ovaries: a retrospective study.
Histopathological spectrum of endometrial changes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome undergoing clinically indicated biopsy for abnormal uterine bleeding: a cross-sectional study.
Frequency of disordered proliferative endometrium in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, correlated with age, body mass index and bleeding pattern: a retrospective study.
Prevalence of endometrial hyperplasia without atypia in women with polycystic ovary syndrome undergoing biopsy for abnormal uterine bleeding: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Frequency of atypical hyperplasia or endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia in women with polycystic ovary syndrome undergoing clinically indicated endometrial sampling: a retrospective study.
Histopathological comparison of endometrial biopsies from women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome presenting with abnormal uterine bleeding: a comparative cross-sectional study.
Correlation of ultrasonographic endometrial thickness with biopsy histopathology in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and abnormal uterine bleeding: a retrospective diagnostic correlation study.
Association of prolonged anovulatory bleeding with proliferative endometrial abnormalities in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a retrospective clinicopathological study.
Frequency of endometrioid endometrial carcinoma among women with documented polycystic ovary syndrome undergoing hysterectomy for malignant or premalignant endometrial disease: an archival study.
Histopathological spectrum of ovarian lesions in women with hyperandrogenic clinical features undergoing surgery for adnexal masses: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Correlation of ovarian stromal luteinisation with documented hyperandrogenic manifestations in surgically excised ovarian tissue: an archival clinicopathological study.
Morphological comparison of polycystic ovarian morphology with normal ovarian cortex in age-matched surgical specimens using follicular and stromal parameters: a comparative cross-sectional study.
Histopathological spectrum of hormone-associated endometrial changes in reproductive endocrine disorders using routinely sampled endometrial tissue: an archival cross-sectional study.
Histopathology audit of endometrial specimens from women with polycystic ovary syndrome for adequacy, proliferative abnormalities, hyperplasia and malignancy detection: a retrospective quality study.

Immunohistochemistry in Gynaecological Pathology

Diagnostic utility of p16 and Ki-67 immunohistochemistry for high-grade cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions against consensus histopathological diagnosis as reference standard: an archival diagnostic accuracy study.
Comparative p16 and p53 expression patterns in human papillomavirus-associated and human papillomavirus-independent cervical carcinomas, correlated with morphological classification: an archival cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic performance of carcinoembryonic antigen and paired box gene 8 immunohistochemistry for selected cervical glandular tumours against final integrated diagnosis: an archival study.
Immunohistochemistry-based assessment of oestrogen receptor and progesterone receptor expression in endometrioid endometrial carcinoma, correlated with tumour grade and myometrial invasion: an archival cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic utility of p53 immunohistochemistry for distinguishing uterine serous carcinoma from high-grade endometrioid carcinoma, using final integrated diagnosis as reference: an archival study.
Immunohistochemical assessment of mismatch repair protein loss in endometrial carcinoma, correlated with histological type, grade and age at diagnosis: an archival cross-sectional study.
Correlation of phosphatase and tensin homolog and beta-catenin expression patterns with histological features of endometrioid endometrial carcinoma: an archival exploratory immunohistochemical study.
Diagnostic utility of Wilms tumour protein 1, paired box gene 8 and p53 for distinguishing high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma from major mimics: an archival study.
Diagnostic performance of napsin A and hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 beta for ovarian clear cell carcinoma against final integrated histopathological diagnosis: an archival study.
Immunohistochemical differentiation of ovarian endometrioid and high-grade serous carcinoma using oestrogen receptor, Wilms tumour protein 1 and p53: an archival diagnostic study.
Diagnostic utility of inhibin, calretinin and steroidogenic factor 1 for ovarian sex cord-stromal tumours against final integrated diagnosis: an archival study.
Diagnostic performance of spalt like transcription factor 4, octamer-binding transcription factor 3/4 and placental alkaline phosphatase for ovarian germ cell tumours: an archival study.
Diagnostic utility of alpha-fetoprotein and glypican-3 for identifying yolk sac tumour components in ovarian germ cell tumours: an archival immunohistochemical study.
Diagnostic differentiation of primary ovarian mucinous carcinoma from colorectal metastasis using cytokeratin 7, cytokeratin 20, special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 2 and caudal type homeobox 2: an archival study.
Laboratory audit of immunohistochemistry use in gynaecological pathology, assessing panel size, repeat stains, diagnostic contribution and final tumour classification: a retrospective quality study.

Molecular Gynaecological Pathology

Immunohistochemistry-based surrogate molecular classification of endometrial carcinoma using mismatch repair proteins and p53 expression, correlated with histological type, grade and stage: an archival cross-sectional study.
Frequency and clinicopathological characteristics of mismatch repair-deficient endometrial carcinomas identified by routine immunohistochemistry, correlated with age and tumour morphology: an archival study.
Correlation of p53-abnormal immunohistochemical phenotype with histological type, grade, myometrial invasion and pathological stage in endometrial carcinoma: an archival cross-sectional study.
Histopathological characteristics of endometrial carcinomas lacking mismatch repair protein loss and abnormal p53 expression, correlated with grade and stage: an archival surrogate classification study.
Morphology and p53 immunohistochemistry-based stratification of ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma, correlated with tumour stage and treatment-naïve surgical pathology features: an archival study.
Histomorphological features associated with hereditary-pattern high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma using age, bilaterality and family history where documented: a retrospective archival screening study.
Frequency of mismatch repair protein loss in endometrioid ovarian carcinoma using routine immunohistochemistry, correlated with age and synchronous endometrial pathology: an archival cross-sectional study.
Immunohistochemical screening for mismatch repair deficiency in synchronous endometrial and ovarian endometrioid carcinomas, comparing expression patterns between paired tumours: an archival paired-specimen study.
Correlation of p16 block positivity with histological severity of human papillomavirus-associated cervical squamous lesions, using biopsy diagnosis as morphological reference: an archival cross-sectional study.
Comparative p16 and p53 expression in human papillomavirus-associated and independent vulval squamous neoplasia using morphology-based classification as reference: an archival study.
Immunohistochemical screening for mismatch repair deficiency in endometrial carcinoma among women younger than fifty years, correlated with tumour morphology and family history where documented: an archival study.
Frequency and histological characteristics of endometrial carcinomas showing loss of two or more mismatch repair proteins on routine immunohistochemistry: an archival cross-sectional study.
Concordance of mismatch repair protein expression between preoperative endometrial biopsy and hysterectomy specimens from the same carcinoma: an archival paired-specimen agreement study.
Morphology-directed identification of gynaecological tumours warranting hereditary cancer evaluation using age, multiplicity, synchronous tumours and routine immunohistochemical findings: a retrospective laboratory audit.
Diagnostic impact of routine surrogate molecular immunohistochemistry in endometrial carcinoma by comparing morphology-only classification with final integrated pathological categorization: an archival study.

Gynaecological Cytopathology

Diagnostic accuracy of cervical cytology reported by the Bethesda System for Reporting Cervical Cytology against cervical biopsy histopathology for detection of high-grade squamous lesions: a retrospective study.
Cytomorphological spectrum of vaginal smears from women with inflammatory, reactive and neoplastic lesions, correlated with histopathology where available: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic performance of vaginal cytology for detecting recurrent or residual squamous neoplasia against biopsy histopathology as reference where clinically obtained: a retrospective study.
Cytological spectrum of endometrial cells in clinically obtained uterine cytology specimens, correlated with endometrial biopsy histopathology where available: an archival correlation study.
Diagnostic accuracy of endometrial cytology for detection of endometrial carcinoma against biopsy or hysterectomy histopathology as reference standard where the service is routinely practised: a retrospective study.
Diagnostic performance of fine needle aspiration cytology for ovarian and adnexal masses against histopathological examination as reference standard in routinely sampled cases: a retrospective study.
Cytomorphological spectrum of ovarian epithelial tumours sampled by fine needle aspiration cytology, correlated with subsequent surgical histopathology: an archival cytohistological correlation study.
Diagnostic utility of peritoneal washing cytology for detecting malignant cells in ovarian carcinoma against peritoneal biopsy or omental histopathology as reference: a retrospective study.
Sensitivity and specificity of peritoneal washing cytology for extraovarian tumour spread in endometrial carcinoma using surgical histopathology as reference standard: a retrospective study.
Diagnostic accuracy of ascitic fluid cytology for gynaecological malignancy against tissue histopathology as reference standard: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Cytomorphological characteristics of malignant ascitic fluid in ovarian carcinoma and correlation with tumour histological type and stage: an archival cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic contribution of cell block preparation to ascitic fluid cytology in suspected gynaecological malignancy, using histopathology as reference standard: a retrospective study.
Inter-observer agreement for cervical cytology reporting using the Bethesda System for Reporting Cervical Cytology among postgraduate residents and faculty pathologists: a blinded study.
Analysis of false-negative and false-positive gynaecological cytology diagnoses using paired histopathology and retrospective slide review: a laboratory discrepancy audit.
Cytopathology service audit of gynaecological specimens for adequacy, turnaround time, cytohistological concordance and diagnostic discrepancy patterns: a retrospective quality indicator study.

Gynaecological Oncology and Prognostic Pathology

Correlation of cervical carcinoma tumour size, depth of invasion and lymphovascular invasion with nodal metastasis in radical hysterectomy specimens: an archival prognostic pathology study.
Association of parametrial and vaginal involvement with tumour size and depth of stromal invasion in cervical carcinoma: an archival clinicopathological correlation study.
Histopathological assessment of surgical margins in cervical carcinoma resection specimens and correlation with tumour size, parametrial involvement and pathological stage: an archival study.
Correlation of endometrial carcinoma grade and myometrial invasion with lymphovascular invasion and nodal metastasis in hysterectomy specimens: an archival prognostic pathology study.
Association of cervical stromal involvement and adnexal involvement with pathological stage in endometrial carcinoma hysterectomy specimens: an archival cross-sectional study.
Correlation of ovarian carcinoma histological type and grade with capsular involvement, surface disease and extraovarian spread: an archival prognostic pathology study.
Histopathological characteristics of omental metastases in ovarian carcinoma and correlation with primary tumour type, grade and stage: an archival paired-specimen study.
Association of lymphovascular invasion with nodal metastasis across cervical, endometrial and vulval carcinomas using resection specimens: an archival comparative cross-sectional study.
Inter-observer agreement for identifying lymphovascular invasion in gynaecological malignancies using routine histology and consensus review as reference: an archival blinded study.
Histopathological spectrum of lymph node metastases in cervical, endometrial, ovarian and vulval malignancies, correlated with primary tumour parameters: an archival cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic concordance of intraoperative or preoperative tumour grading with final resection grading in endometrial and ovarian carcinomas: a retrospective paired-specimen study.
Histopathological evaluation of surgical margins in vulval and cervical carcinoma and correlation with tumour size, invasion and pathological stage: an archival study.
Histological assessment of treatment response in post-neoadjuvant gynaecological cancer resection specimens using residual tumour and therapy-related changes: a retrospective observational study.
Comparative histopathology of treated and untreated cervical or ovarian carcinomas using tumour cellularity, fibrosis, necrosis and inflammatory response as parameters: an archival study.
Histopathology reporting audit of gynaecological malignancies for grade, stage, lymphovascular invasion, nodal status, margins and other mandatory prognostic parameters: a retrospective quality study.

Gynaecological Surgical Pathology Specimens

Histopathological spectrum of cervical biopsy specimens, including inflammatory, premalignant and malignant lesions, correlated with cervical cytology: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic concordance of cervical biopsy and loop electrosurgical excision procedure specimens for grade of squamous intraepithelial lesion: a retrospective paired-specimen agreement study.
Histopathology audit of loop electrosurgical excision procedure specimens for orientation, transformation-zone representation, lesion grade and margin assessment: a retrospective quality study.
Histopathological spectrum of endometrial biopsy specimens from women with abnormal uterine bleeding, correlated with age and ultrasonographic endometrial thickness: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic concordance of dilatation and curettage with hysterectomy histopathology for endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma: a retrospective paired-specimen study.
Histopathological spectrum of hysterectomy specimens performed for clinically benign indications, with assessment of incidental premalignant and malignant lesions: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Histopathological spectrum of myomectomy specimens using leiomyoma subtype, degenerative change, atypia, mitotic activity and tumour cell necrosis: an archival cross-sectional study.
Histopathological spectrum of salpingectomy specimens including ectopic pregnancy, salpingitis, endometriosis and incidental neoplasia: an archival cross-sectional study.
Histopathological spectrum of oophorectomy specimens using benign, borderline, malignant and non-neoplastic diagnostic categories, correlated with preoperative imaging: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Histopathological spectrum of salpingo-oophorectomy specimens for ovarian neoplasia, including tumour classification, surface involvement and tubal pathology: an archival cross-sectional study.
Histopathological spectrum of ovarian cystectomy specimens, assessing functional cysts, endometriosis, benign neoplasms and unexpected borderline or malignant lesions: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Histopathology audit of radical hysterectomy specimens for tumour dimensions, stromal invasion, lymphovascular invasion, parametrial involvement, margins and nodal status: a retrospective quality study.
Histopathological evaluation of cytoreductive surgery specimens in ovarian carcinoma, assessing primary tumour type, omental disease and peritoneal metastases: an archival cross-sectional study.
Correlation of preoperative diagnosis with final histopathology across major gynaecological surgical specimens, including hysterectomy, salpingectomy, oophorectomy and cystectomy: a retrospective concordance study.
Surgical pathology audit of gynaecological specimens for gross sampling adequacy, turnaround time, ancillary testing and completeness of standardized reporting: a retrospective quality indicator study.

Histopathology–Radiology Correlation in Reproductive Pathology

Correlation of ultrasonographic endometrial thickness with endometrial biopsy histopathology in women with abnormal uterine bleeding: a retrospective radiology-pathology cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonographic endometrial thickness for detecting hyperplasia or carcinoma in postmenopausal bleeding, using histopathology as reference standard: a retrospective study.
Correlation of ultrasonographic features of uterine leiomyoma with histological subtype and degenerative changes in hysterectomy or myomectomy specimens: a retrospective radiology-pathology study.
Diagnostic accuracy of imaging for adenomyosis against hysterectomy histopathology as reference standard, with assessment of lesion depth and distribution: a retrospective study.
Correlation of radiological cervical tumour size and parametrial involvement with radical hysterectomy histopathological findings: a retrospective radiology-pathology study.
Diagnostic accuracy of imaging for cervical stromal and parametrial invasion using radical hysterectomy histopathology as reference standard: a retrospective study.
Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonographic classification of ovarian masses for benign versus malignant disease against surgical histopathology as reference standard: a retrospective study.
Correlation of ovarian mass solid components, septations and papillary projections on imaging with epithelial tumour classification on histopathology: a retrospective radiology-pathology study.
Diagnostic accuracy of imaging for differentiating ovarian from extraovarian adnexal masses using surgical histopathology as reference standard: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Correlation of radiological endometrioma diagnosis with histopathological confirmation in ovarian cystectomy specimens: a retrospective diagnostic accuracy study.
Correlation of imaging-detected deep pelvic endometriosis with histopathological confirmation in clinically excised lesions: a retrospective radiology-pathology study.
Correlation of placental ultrasonographic abnormalities with maternal vascular malperfusion, infarction and placental hypoplasia on histopathology: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic correlation of imaging findings in suspected gestational trophoblastic disease with uterine evacuation histopathology: a retrospective radiology-pathology study.
Correlation of radiological tumour spread with histopathological stage in ovarian carcinoma cytoreductive surgery specimens: a retrospective radiology-pathology cross-sectional study.
Radiology-pathology concordance audit of reproductive system surgical lesions for lesion localisation, benign versus malignant categorization and final diagnostic agreement: a retrospective quality study.

Histopathology–Clinical Correlation

Histopathological spectrum of endometrial lesions in women with abnormal uterine bleeding, correlated with age, menstrual status and bleeding pattern: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Clinicopathological correlation of postmenopausal bleeding with endometrial biopsy findings and ultrasonographic endometrial thickness: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Histopathological spectrum of endometrial, tubal and ovarian lesions in women investigated for infertility, correlated with clinical infertility category: a retrospective study.
Clinicopathological correlation of pelvic masses using age, symptoms and final histopathological diagnosis in surgically resected gynaecological specimens: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Correlation of cervical screening abnormalities reported by the Bethesda System for Reporting Cervical Cytology with cervical biopsy histopathology: a retrospective diagnostic correlation study.
Clinicopathological correlation of ovarian tumours using age, presenting symptoms, tumour size, laterality and final histological type: an archival cross-sectional study.
Correlation of serum tumour markers routinely requested in ovarian masses with final histopathological tumour category: a retrospective clinicopathological study.
Histopathological spectrum of products of conception in early pregnancy loss, correlated with gestational age, ultrasound diagnosis and recurrent pregnancy loss history: a retrospective study.
Correlation of placental histopathology with maternal hypertension, diabetes mellitus and anaemia in pregnancies submitted for pathological examination: a cross-sectional clinicopathological study.
Clinicopathological correlation of cervical carcinoma using presenting symptoms, tumour size, histological type and pathological stage: an archival cross-sectional study.
Clinicopathological correlation of endometrial carcinoma using age, bleeding pattern, histological type, grade and pathological stage: an archival cross-sectional study.
Clinicopathological correlation of ovarian carcinoma using age, presenting symptoms, histological type and pathological stage in resection specimens: an archival cross-sectional study.
Association of preoperative clinical diagnosis with final histopathological diagnosis across benign and malignant hysterectomy specimens: a retrospective diagnostic concordance study.
Correlation of anaemia at presentation with tumour type, grade and stage in major gynaecological malignancies using routine laboratory records: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Clinicopathological audit of major reproductive system specimens assessing concordance between clinical impression, imaging diagnosis and final histopathological diagnosis: a retrospective quality study.

Breast Pathology

Diagnostic accuracy of fine needle aspiration cytology for palpable breast lumps against histopathological examination of core biopsy or excision specimens as reference standard: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
Cytological categorization of breast fine needle aspiration specimens using the International Academy of Cytology Yokohama System for Reporting Breast Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy Cytopathology, correlated with histopathology: a retrospective study.
Risk of malignancy for each category of the International Academy of Cytology Yokohama System for Reporting Breast Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy Cytopathology using histopathology as reference: an archival study.
Histopathological spectrum of benign breast lesions in core biopsy and excision specimens, correlated with age, clinical presentation and imaging diagnosis: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic concordance of core needle biopsy and excision histopathology for fibroadenoma, fibrocystic change and papillary breast lesions: a retrospective paired-specimen study.
Histopathological spectrum of proliferative breast lesions including usual ductal hyperplasia, atypical ductal hyperplasia and atypical lobular hyperplasia in core biopsies: an archival cross-sectional study.
Diagnostic concordance of atypical ductal hyperplasia on core needle biopsy with subsequent excision histopathology for in situ or invasive carcinoma: a retrospective study.
Histopathological spectrum of ductal carcinoma in situ using nuclear grade, necrosis and architectural pattern, correlated with associated invasive carcinoma: an archival cross-sectional study.
Histopathological characteristics of lobular carcinoma in situ in core biopsy and excision specimens, correlated with concurrent invasive carcinoma: an archival cross-sectional study.
Histological grading of invasive breast carcinoma using the Nottingham modification of the Bloom-Richardson grading system, correlated with tumour size and nodal status: an archival study.
Diagnostic concordance of core needle biopsy and excision histopathology for invasive breast carcinoma type and Nottingham modification of the Bloom-Richardson grading system: a retrospective study.
Immunohistochemical surrogate classification of invasive breast carcinoma using oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and Ki-67, correlated with histological grade: an archival study.
Correlation of oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 expression with Nottingham modification of the Bloom-Richardson grading system and nodal status: an archival study.
Association of lymphovascular invasion with tumour size, Nottingham modification of the Bloom-Richardson grading system and axillary nodal metastasis in invasive breast carcinoma: an archival cross-sectional study.
Histopathology audit of breast core biopsy and resection specimens for tumour type, grade, biomarker reporting, lymphovascular invasion, margins and nodal status: a retrospective quality study.

Not the pathology subspeciality you need? Gynaecological and reproductive pathology is one section of our full pathology collection — the hub page lists every subspeciality, each with its own free topic list. Updated September 2026.

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📌 Updated for 2026–2027 MD Pathology Gynaecological and Reproductive Pathology admissions

The page has been reviewed for current female-genital-tract tumour classification, endometrial molecular surrogates, HPV-associated and HPV-independent pathways, fallopian-tube precursor lesions and specimen-specific sampling requirements.

Most projects can be performed with routine morphology, cervical cytology, gross examination, archived blocks and selected immunohistochemistry such as p16, p53, mismatch-repair proteins, Ki-67, p57 and lineage-directed markers according to the research question.
Large sequencing panels, broad molecular profiling and research-only tissue collection are not required for most MD dissertations; molecular tests should be included only where they are clinically available or essential to the primary classification question.
Publication potential is strongest in biopsy-resection discordance, molecular-surrogate classification of endometrial carcinoma, HPV-associated versus HPV-independent lesions, ovarian tumour sampling, SEE-FIM-based tubal assessment, inter-observer agreement and structured pathology reporting.

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Select Generate Protocol → beside any title in the list above and receive a submission-ready document built around that topic, containing all eighteen components:

Introduction / Synopsis
Research Question
Aim of the Study
Primary Objective
Secondary Objectives
Materials and Methods
Inclusion Criteria
Exclusion Criteria
Sample Size Calculation
Methodology
Statistical Analysis
Ethical Considerations
Review of Literature
References
Gantt Chart / Study Timeline
Patient Information Sheet
Consent Form
Data Collection Form

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Alongside gynaecological and reproductive pathology protocols and synopses, support is also available for departmental presentations, journal club presentations, ethics committee presentations, and posters and oral presentations for medical conferences — for postgraduate residents, board trainees and research scholars across India and the GCC. Prepared by a practising doctor with long experience in medical publishing and thesis supervision.

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Gynaecological and reproductive pathology research outside India

The topics above work as research questions anywhere — what changes is the document the institution expects, and who approves it before data collection begins. The Gulf equivalent of an Indian synopsis is the gynaecological and reproductive pathology research proposal submitted to an institutional review board, and it ordinarily carries three sections an Indian synopsis does not: a Gantt chart, a budget and resources section, and a Declaration of Helsinki statement.

Board and residency programmes — country by country

Saudi Arabia — SCFHS and the Saudi Board. Residency and fellowship training under the Saudi Commission for Health Specialties includes a research project with a set timeline, and the gynaecological and reproductive pathology research proposal is the document prepared at the outset and cleared by the institutional review board before recruitment starts.

United Arab Emirates — DHA, DOH Abu Dhabi and MOHAP. Residents training in Dubai, Abu Dhabi and the northern emirates prepare a gynaecological and reproductive pathology research protocol for their programme and submit it for institutional review board approval before any data are collected.

Qatar — DHP (formerly QCHP) and Hamad Medical Corporation. A gynaecological and reproductive pathology IRB proposal is reviewed before recruitment, with the ethics section written to the institution's own template rather than a generic one.

Bahrain — NHRA. Trainees turning gynaecological and reproductive pathology research topics into a project need the proposal cleared by their institutional research and ethics committee before fieldwork begins.

Oman — OMSB. Residency programmes under the Oman Medical Specialty Board include a research component, and the gynaecological and reproductive pathology research proposal is the document assessed at the start of it.

Kuwait — KIMS. A gynaecological and reproductive pathology study protocol goes to the institutional committee for approval before the project begins.

Arab Board programmes across the region. The Arab Board carries its own research requirement irrespective of the host country, and the gynaecological and reproductive pathology proposal follows the same structure throughout.

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Postgraduate degrees — Malaysia, the Gulf and beyond

Malaysia — MMed, the National Medical Research Register and MREC. A gynaecological and reproductive pathology dissertation proposal for a Master of Medicine programme carried out in a Ministry of Health facility must be registered on the NMRR and approved by the Medical Research and Ethics Committee before the study begins, and the guidance asks for submission four to six months ahead of data collection. Every investigator on the study team registers on the NMRR as well, so the methodology, ethics and team sections are written in far more detail than an Indian synopsis requires.

PhD and Master's candidates elsewhere. University programmes generally require a full gynaecological and reproductive pathology research proposal of roughly 6,000 to 10,000 words, with an extended literature review, a theoretical framework and a detailed methodology chapter.

PhD and MMed proposals are written individually by a medical doctor and revised until the supervisor accepts them. They are not produced by the automated protocol generator.

Enquire about a gynaecological and reproductive pathology PhD or MMed proposal →

🔥 Trending research areas in Gynaecological and Reproductive Pathology for 2026–27

Molecularly informed endometrial carcinoma classification: mismatch-repair immunohistochemistry, p53 pattern and POLE status increasingly complement histotype and grade, creating practical studies of surrogate classification, discordance and clinicopathological correlation.
HPV-associated versus HPV-independent lower-genital-tract disease: cervical, vulval and vaginal carcinomas are increasingly interpreted within distinct pathogenetic pathways, making morphology with targeted p16 and p53 assessment more informative than undirected marker panels.
Fallopian-tube precursor lesions and SEE-FIM examination: systematic fimbrial sampling, serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma, p53 signatures and their relationship to high-grade serous carcinoma remain important areas for reproducibility and diagnostic-pathway research.
Integrated ovarian tumour classification: morphology, site distribution, associated endometriosis, immunophenotype and selected molecular surrogates are increasingly combined to distinguish primary ovarian tumours, metastatic disease and biologically distinct epithelial subtypes.

Protocol and synopsis guidance

What a Gynaecological and Reproductive Pathology protocol must contain

A gynaecological pathology protocol should define the specimen unit before anything else: cervical smear, punch biopsy, loop excision, endometrial biopsy, curettage, hysterectomy, salpingectomy, ovarian cystectomy, oophorectomy, tumour block or products-of-conception specimen. Results from limited biopsy and definitive resection should not be treated as though they provide the same amount of diagnostic information.

Sampling adequacy: specify minimum adequacy for cytology and biopsy, gross-block selection for hysterectomy and ovarian tumours, and systematic fimbrial sampling when tubal precursor lesions are studied. Large mucinous ovarian tumours and heterogeneous uterine mesenchymal tumours require sufficient gross sampling because a small number of blocks can miss focal invasion, atypia or a malignant component.

Classification: name the current histological or cytological system used and define the diagnostic criteria in advance. For endometrial carcinoma, state whether classification is morphology only or includes mismatch-repair proteins, p53 and POLE testing. A study that lacks one required component should describe itself as a partial or surrogate classification rather than implying complete molecular assignment.

Treatment and time point: indicate whether specimens are treatment-naive and how neoadjuvant therapy, hormonal therapy, prior cervical excision or previous tumour surgery will be handled. Treatment can change morphology, tumour cellularity, mitotic activity and immunophenotype.

Reference standard: specify whether the comparator is consensus histology, excision specimen, hysterectomy, integrated diagnosis or clinically adjudicated final diagnosis. If only abnormal cytology proceeds to biopsy, diagnostic-accuracy estimates can be distorted by partial verification.

Gynaecological and Reproductive Pathology synopsis versus Gynaecological and Reproductive Pathology protocol

The synopsis states the research question, rationale, objectives, broad design and expected analysis. The protocol must define how every specimen is selected, sampled, classified and compared, because different gynaecological specimen types have very different opportunities to demonstrate the same lesion.

For cervical studies: specify the cytology system, biopsy or excision comparator, high-risk HPV information where available, p16 interpretation criteria and the interval between cytology and histology. A negative smear followed by no biopsy cannot be assumed to be a true negative in an accuracy study.

For endometrial carcinoma: separate histotype, grade, myometrial invasion, lymphovascular invasion and molecular-surrogate group. Mismatch-repair and p53 immunohistochemistry can classify major components of the pathway, but a complete molecular scheme cannot be claimed when required POLE testing is unavailable.

For ovarian tumours: define tumour size, laterality, surface involvement, block sampling and the criteria for primary versus metastatic disease. Mucinous and borderline tumours are particularly vulnerable to under-sampling because invasion or higher-grade areas may be focal.

For tubal precursor studies: specify whether the entire fimbrial end is processed systematically, how suspicious epithelium is identified, and how p53 and Ki-67 are interpreted. Strong p53 staining alone is not synonymous with serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma.

Sample size and statistical analysis

Sample size must follow the primary objective. Diagnostic accuracy of cervical cytology, agreement for endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia, frequency of incidental carcinoma, concordance between biopsy and hysterectomy, and immunohistochemical classification each require different assumptions.

Paired specimens: cytology-biopsy, curettage-hysterectomy, biopsy-resection and bilateral or synchronous tumour comparisons should be analysed as paired data when they come from the same patient. Counting each specimen as an independent patient artificially increases sample size.

Agreement: kappa or another appropriate agreement statistic should be used for categorical diagnoses such as low-grade versus high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia or tumour subtype. Correlation does not measure categorical diagnostic agreement.

Diagnostic accuracy: sensitivity and specificity require an appropriate reference standard and adequate verification of both positive and negative cases. Cytology-histology studies restricted to patients who underwent biopsy after abnormal screening may estimate risk among referred patients but should not be presented as population screening accuracy.

Rare tumours: uncommon vaginal tumours, uterine sarcomas, trophoblastic neoplasms and rare ovarian subtypes may be better suited to archival descriptive or agreement studies than underpowered multivariable models. Statistical complexity should not exceed the number of actual cases or outcome events.

Frequently Asked Questions – Gynaecological And Reproductive Pathology Thesis Topics (2026–27)

1. How do I choose a feasible Gynaecological and Reproductive Pathology thesis topic?

For 2026–2027 admissions, begin with specimen streams that are consistently available in the department, such as cervical biopsies and cytology, endometrial samples, hysterectomies, ovarian tumours, salpingectomies or products of conception. The best topic has one primary diagnostic or clinicopathological question, enough annual cases and a comparator that is routinely available rather than dependent on tests that must be outsourced.

2. Which study designs are accepted for a Gynaecological and Reproductive Pathology thesis?

Useful designs include retrospective or prospective cross-sectional studies, biopsy-resection concordance studies, diagnostic-accuracy studies, inter-observer agreement studies, cytology-histology correlation, immunohistochemical classification studies, clinicopathological correlation and laboratory audits. Rare tumours can be studied retrospectively when the archive is sufficiently large and well documented.

3. What should I settle with my guide before registering a Gynaecological and Reproductive Pathology topic?

Confirm the specimen type, annual case yield, minimum adequacy, classification system, gross sampling method, immunohistochemistry availability, comparator diagnosis and whether archival blocks are usable. Also decide how prior treatment, previous biopsy or excision, synchronous tumours and incomplete clinical records will be handled.

4. How should biopsy and resection discordance be handled in Gynaecological Pathology?

Discordance should be classified rather than simply labelled an error. A limited cervical or endometrial biopsy may miss invasion, tumour heterogeneity or a higher-grade component that is present in the final resection. Conversely, a small lesion may be completely removed by the diagnostic procedure and therefore be absent from the hysterectomy. Retrospective slide review should distinguish sampling limitation, interpretative disagreement, treatment effect and true biological heterogeneity.

5. What is the difference between a Gynaecological and Reproductive Pathology synopsis and a Gynaecological and Reproductive Pathology protocol?

The synopsis briefly explains the question, objectives, broad methods and sample size. The protocol specifies specimen selection, adequacy, gross sampling, histological criteria, immunohistochemistry interpretation, reference standard, blinding, treatment exclusions, clinical variables and the exact statistical method for the primary objective.

6. What ethical issues are important in a Gynaecological and Reproductive Pathology thesis?

Prospective participants require informed consent, with guardian consent and age-appropriate child assent from about seven years when paediatric participants are directly recruited. Retrospective review of archived slides, blocks, cytology and records may qualify for a consent waiver after ethics approval and adequate anonymisation. Research-only biopsy, curettage, surgery, contrast imaging or venepuncture should not be added solely for a dissertation endpoint; any additional blood sampling must have a justified volume and frequency. Separate consent is required for identifiable clinical photographs or videos. Unexpected findings such as an unsuspected high-grade precursor, invasive malignancy, molar pregnancy or clinically significant mismatch-repair loss should have a predefined pathway for communication to the treating team and, where relevant, appropriate further clinical evaluation.

7. How should specimen sampling and tumour heterogeneity be handled in Gynaecological Pathology?

Sampling should be treated as a study variable whenever focal invasion, atypia, necrosis, tumour subtype or precursor lesions are outcomes. Large mucinous ovarian tumours require extensive sampling because benign, borderline and invasive areas may coexist. Uterine smooth-muscle tumours may show focal tumour-cell necrosis or high mitotic activity, and a small biopsy may not represent the whole lesion. Endometrial biopsy can under-represent carcinoma grade or histotype, while tubal precursor research depends on systematic fimbrial examination. The protocol should therefore define blocks per lesion or specimen, record inadequate sampling and avoid attributing every biopsy-resection discrepancy to observer error.

8. How does a Gynaecological and Reproductive Pathology dissertation differ from research-proposal pathways outside the Indian MD?

An Indian MD dissertation usually develops from a focused synopsis into a detailed protocol for institutional ethics and university registration. A PhD proposal is broader and supports a larger programme of original work. In Gulf training pathways, the required format may be a supervised board research project; programmes linked to SCFHS and the Saudi Board, the Arab Board of Health Specializations, and DHP, DHA, DOH or MOHAP may use different approval, supervision and submission structures. The scientific core remains a defined question, reproducible pathology methods, ethical approval and a prespecified analysis plan.

9. When should I register my Gynaecological and Reproductive Pathology thesis topic?

Register after checking the actual annual number of eligible specimens and confirming that the required blocks, slides, cytology, immunohistochemistry and clinical follow-up are accessible. A brief feasibility review of recent cases is particularly useful for ovarian borderline tumours, rare uterine neoplasms, trophoblastic disease and tubal precursor lesions because the apparent laboratory frequency may be much lower after strict eligibility criteria are applied.

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